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taken from fish merchants by the fishermen who agree to hand 

 over all the catches to them at a price fixed at the time of taking 

 the advances ; these rates are always very favourable to the 

 merchants being below the market rates. The fishermen of this 

 locality though they live within the limits of a big Municipality 

 and come in contact with other people, are still in a backward 

 condition as regards education of their children, matters of sanita- 

 tion, temperance, thrift, etc. There is much intemperance both 

 among men and women and though they get good prices for the 

 fish which is sold as fresh by the women in the local market and 

 neighbouring villages and for which there is always a good 

 demand, the community does not appear to be prosperous. During 

 the last few years there has been an awakening among some of the 

 young men who have organised a society for improving the condi- 

 tion of their caste people by stopping drink, encouraging education 

 and thrift, etc. This society has already done good work as it has 

 been the means of inducing more than one thousand men to take 

 the temperance pledge, and their example is having a beneficial 

 influence on their community living in other parts of the district 

 and branches of the society have been formed in a few villages. 

 Though Mangalore is a large port there are very few Mogers 

 who are engaged in the landing and shipping business. 



ULLAL. 



Fishermen and curers are generally poor. There are no capi- 

 talists or middle-men among them and the business is carried on 

 by loans which are discharged by payment in kind of cured fish. 

 Permanent coolies at Rs. 3 to 6 per mensem are kept and also daily 

 coolies of Moger women at I to 2/^ annas. Expert Mappillas are 

 engaged for gutting large fish on days of heavy catches and they 

 are paid at job rates. 



MANJESHWAR. 



Fishermen are very poor and take advances from well-to-do 

 carers on condition that the catches are sold to them. Some curers 

 have got partners and these themselves work without hiring any 

 coolies except at times of heavy operations. Permanent coolies on 

 monthly wages of Rs. 3 to 7 and temporary coolies on daily wages 

 of 4 to 5 annas are engaged. Coolies work for job rates also. On 

 clays of heavy catches more than 500 persons work in this yard. A 

 Co-operative Society wj'S sta-rted here through the efforts of a 

 merchant from Mangalore but it has not worked satisfactorily. 



KUMBLA. 



Most of the fishermen are Pudii hlanis and others are Mogers, 

 but all are poor. Mappilla curers of moderate means advance 

 money to some of the fishermen (Pudu Islams) on condition that 

 the catches are sold to them. Moger fishermen cure their catches 

 themselves. Hired labour is employed by Mappilla curers at job 

 rates. 



The condition of the Pudu Islams is much worse than that of 

 the Mogers and they are always in debt, The reason for this is 



7 



