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CALICUT, SOUTH. 



The curers are a poor set with no business enterprise or knowl- 

 edge. They are not assisted by capitalists or middlemen. The 

 Mukkuvas are poor ; they do not own boats or nets but are employed 

 under Mappila capitalists. Other conditions are similar to those 

 of Calicut, North. Hired labour is not employed on permanent 

 monthly wages but during heavy seasons coolies are engaged and 

 paid at job rates. 



BEYPORE, NORTH. 



Curers and fishermen are poor with no business enterprise or 

 knowledge. They are not assisted by capitalists or middlemen- 

 Operations in the yard are on a comparatively limited scale as the 

 major portion of the fresh fish landed here is transported into the 

 interior parts by small river boats. Moreover there are no big 

 boats and nets here and the fishermen use mostly the casting nets. 

 No hired labour is employed. The curers themselves do gutting, 

 cleaning and salting. 



BEYPORE, SOUTH. 



Economic condition is same as Beypore, North. There is a 

 large number of long line boats here. 



PARAPPANANGADI. 



Fishermen and curers, who are Pudu Islams, are poor. They 

 depend entirely on fishing and if the fishing season is unfa- 

 vourable their condition becomes miserable. They borrow from 

 moneylenders at high rate of interest. They are not financed by 

 capitalists or middlemen. Curers have no control over fishermen. 

 Hired labour is usual for fishing and curing. Labourer-fishermen 

 are paid by shares in catches. Coolies are employed for curing on 

 daily wages of 3 to 6 annas for a man and half that rate for a boy. 

 For gutting and transporting coolies are paid by the job. 



TANUR. 



Fishermen, who are mostly Pudu Islams and Mukkuvas, are 

 generally poor and some are pecuniarily helped by Mappila curers. 

 There are no middlemen but curers deal direct with fishermen and 

 buy fish at the market rate of the day. Curers purchase fish 

 mostly for cash, and the account is settled once a week or rarely 

 on credit with repayment after sale of the cured fish. Some 

 curers lend boats owned by them to fishermen and share the 

 catches. The fishermen are not bound and can sell their catches 

 to anybody they like. Curers are mostly Mappillas and there are 

 only a few Mukkuva and Pudu Islam curers who are poor. Though 

 this is the largest fishing centre and though large quantities of 

 fish are landed, the condition of the fisherfolk is as usual miser- 

 able. During the monsoon months, when they cannot go out 

 fishing and earn something for their livelihood, they purchase from 

 the Mappilla merchants rice and other provisions on credit at 50 



