m 



and nets, etc., without charging any interest, but receive their fish 

 at cheaper rates, i.e., all the small fish caught in the Pedda vala 

 should be given at half rate or As. 4 per basket and the large fish at 

 varying rates. The fishermen are at liberty to sell the fish caught 

 in other kinds of nets to anybody they like. The price of fish is 

 settled by themselves or by a middleman who receives a fee in 

 kind. The fishermen who own a Pedda vala give petty sums of 

 money to the "ryots "or labourer fishermen who work their boat 

 and net to secure their services. This is a standing debt, and so 

 long as it is unpaid the "ryot" is obliged to work under the man 

 who has given the money The fishermen borrow money from 

 sowcars also, at 25 per cent per annum, but in the case of loans 

 granted to people who emigrate to Burma the rate is doubled. The 

 ticket-holders themselves do all the curing work and no hired 

 labour is employed except for transporting fish when they are 

 landed at some distance from the yard, and for this they employ 

 their own relatives. The Kandras carry on fishing in the back- 

 waters and may also serve as coolies. They are comparatively 

 better off than Vadas and Jalaris ; several of them are literates, and 

 a number of their children go to school, but drinking is common 

 among men and children as elsewhere. The Jalaris like the Vadas 

 are Telugu fishermen but some of them also carry on cultivation in 

 Ganjam and Vizagapatam- They very much resemble the Vadas 

 in their habits and manners and also worship a number of gods 

 and goddesses in the same manner. 



MARKANDI. 



Some of the ticket-holders are professional fishermen and belong 

 to the Jalari or Vada caste- Others are Kandras — a class of Uriya 

 fishermen who do not catch but purchase fish from fishermen. The 

 fishermen are poor and are assisted in their industry by the 

 Kandras who advance sums varying from Rs. 100 to Rs. iSOtothem 

 according to the size of their net, and in return the fishermen have 

 to sell their fish to Kandras at the rate of three baskets, each of 20 

 seers, per rupee. Most of the curers and fishermen live in Markandi 

 but a few live in the adjoining villages. The curers generally hire 

 labour at As. 12 per day per head whenever there are large catches. 

 Otherwise gutting and cleaning is done by themselves, sometimes 

 assisted by their relatives. 



SONNAPUR. 



The curers one and all are in easy circumstances tliough not 

 very wealthy. They deal directly with fishermen and manage 

 their concerns. The Kevutas who deal in fish advance money to 

 fishermen on the security of their boats and nets and get in return 

 all the fish caught by them at a certain fixed rate. Hired labour 

 is not generally engaged in the yard. The curers do all the work 

 themselves. 



PATTI SONNAPUR. 



The fishermen are as a class poor, while the Kandra curers are 

 in comparatively easy circumstances but by no means wealthy. 

 They may be considered the middlemen here and may possess 



