between Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,000 as capital. The fishermen borrow 

 money from them on condition that they sell all their catches except 

 bii^ fish to them at the rate of three baskets of 20 seers per rupee. 

 Hired labour is seldom employed here except on days of heavy 

 catches when coolies are taken at As. 2 to 6 per adult man. Of 

 the ticket-holders some are real fishermen and some are Uriya 

 Kandras. 



PEDDAKARIVANIPALEM. 



The curers all belong to the fisher community who are poor and 

 have no capital of their own. They borrow from Kevutas on the 

 security of their boats and nets and on the understanding that 

 they give them a certain portion of fish caught every day. If the 

 loan is a small one, they pay it back within a month or two by sale 

 of fish to them at a cheap rate. There are no capitalists or middle- 

 men. No hired labour is employed either for fishing or for curing 

 except on days of heavy catches when coolies are employed and 

 paid a part of the catch offish. Dried fish is carried to markets in 

 kawadies by men and in baskets by women. Men are paid 5 to 

 6 annas and women 3 to 5 annas per day. Men carry 2 maunds 

 and women iH maund. 



ISKALAPALEM. 



All the curers are of limited means. They are not however 

 financed by the capitalists or middlemen but four or five always 

 join together and carry on the business. They are Jalaris and 

 Vadas by caste. No hired labour is used in the yard. They help 

 one another in hauling nets, in curing, etc 



BARUVA. 



Sea fishing is carried on by Jalaris and Vadas and they also 

 cure the fish caught by them. They build their own boats and 

 make nets. They seem to be much better off than their brethren 

 on the coast in their means, manners and mode of living. Baruva 

 being an important port these people are also employed in the 

 shipping and landing work, and as it has direct communication 

 with Burma a number of these people emigrate and engage in the 

 fishing and shipping trade at Rangoon. They borrow money at 

 times from sowcars on the security of jewels, etc., at the ordinary 

 rate of interest, but are independent as regards the sale of their 

 catches with which the money-lender has nothing to do. As there 

 is a good demand for fresh fish in the neighbourhood most of their 

 catches are sold for ready cash on the beach. Pallees are the 

 traders in dried fish which they purchase from the curers. There 

 is a middleman called Pillai whose duty it is to weigh such fish 

 and is paid three pies for every rupee worth of fish sold. He is 

 provided u^ith scales and necessary weights. Dried fish is also 

 exported to Burma. The curing is carried on by women folk and 

 no hired labour is employed. There are about 20 big nets (Peru- 

 vala) and a number of other kinds of nets, boats and catamarans, 

 and the village is in a flourishing condition. There are very few 

 literates among the people but they are comparatively intelligent 

 and expressed a desire to have special schools for their boys which 

 they could attend in the evening after the day's work is over. 



