t34 



PULIYANCHERIKUPPAM. 



The fishermen and curers are all poor. There are some Jonaj;ar 

 and Mudaliyar capitalists who advance sums varying from Rs. 5 

 to Rs. 30 to the fishermen on condition of their selling the catches to 

 them at 20 viss per rupee which is very low rate, and the capital- 

 ists deduct the advances from the price of fish thus purchased by 

 them. 



IRUKKAM. 



The fishermen are of the Pattapu caste and are very poor. 

 There are a few Jonagar capitalists who advance small sums of 

 money to the fishermen on condition of getting their fish at cheap 

 rates. 



BHIMARPALEM. 



The fishermen are of the Pattapu caste and some of the curers 

 also belong to that caste, all being poor, but the influential ticket- 

 holders are Jonagars who being capitalists advance money to the 

 fishermen and other curers and secure their fish at a prearranged 

 low rate. The Jonagars thus practically had a monopoly of the 

 industry, and in 1906 when the Pattapus wanted to become ticket- 

 holders, they objected to it and there was a riot. The Pattapus 

 cure their fish with the help of their women but the Jonagars 

 employ hired labour such as Pattapu women or Pariah coolies 

 (men and women) who are paid at the rate of one anna per maund 

 of fish. 



MEDICALKUPPAM AND MANGODU. 



Fishermen and curers are fairly well off and are not financed by 

 capitalists or middlemen. Of the ticket-holders some belong to 

 the fisher caste, some are Vannis and others are Lubbais. Hired 

 labour is generally employed almost every day and are paid at the 

 rate of 3 pies per basket of fish. 



PULICAT AND SATTANKUPPAM. 



Fishermen are Pattanavars but the ticket-holders belong to 

 various castes, such as Jonagars, Christians, Panchamas and other 

 Hindus. All of them are of ordinary means and are not financed 

 by capitalists or middlemen. Hired labour is generally employed. 



CHINGLEPUT AND SOUTH ARCOT DISTRICTS. 



There are no fish-curing yards on the coast between Sattan- 

 kuppam in the north and Killai situated in the southern extremity 

 of the South Arcot district near the mouth of the Coleroon, though 

 there is a very large number of fishing villages and some of them 

 containing a large fisher population. This is due to the fact that 

 fresh fish is very much in demand in the large town and villages 

 which are easily accessible by rail, good metalled roads and 

 canal, from the coast. Moreover the sea off this coast is the poor- 

 est fishing ground in the Presidency and the small and unsteady 

 supply of fish has not justified the maintenance of fish-curing yards 

 in this region. Nevertheless curing is carried on on a small scale. 

 When fish is landed at night or when comparatively large shoals 



