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Sub-Class II. ECTOPROCTA Nitsche. 



1869, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., XX, p. 596. 



Order I. GYMNOLAEMATA Allman. 

 1S56, "Mort. Fresh-water Pol.", p. 10. 



Sub-Order I. CTEXOSTOMATA Busk. 

 1S52, J. MacGillivray's "Voy. Rattlesnake", I, p. 346. 



Halcyonellea Ehrenberg (pars), 1839, Üb. d. Bild. cl. Kreidefelsen", Phys. Abh. k. Ak. Wiss. 

 Berlin, A. d. Jahre 1838,- Tab. II. 



Group A. Carnosa Gray. 



1841, "Syn. Brit. Mus."', 43 rd Ed., p. 149. 

 1848, ''List Brit. Animals Brit Mus.", I, pp. 91, 144. 



Alcyonellea Hincks, 1SS0, "Hist. Brit. Mar. Pol.", p. 490. 



Alcyonellea Waters, 1910, "Rep. Mar. Biol. Sudanese Red Sea", "Bryozoa II", J. Linn. Soc. 

 Zool., XXXI, p. 240. 



The present group includes what may be termed the encrusting forms of Ctenostomata. 

 For this series Hincks has used the name "Halcyonellea Ehrenberg", placing in it the Families 

 Alcyonidiidae, Flustrellidae and Arachnidiidae. The name Halcyonellea had been previously 

 employed, in a more or less similar sense, by other writers, as by Johnston : ). But a reference 

 to the original introduction of the term will show that Ehrenberg 3 ) gives "Halcyonellea. 

 Federbusch-Polypen. Genera: Halcyonella et Sertularinorum reliquiae". Taking into 

 consideration Ehrenberg's earlier account 3 ), where Alcyonclla includes A. stagnorum (= A. 

 tungosa auctt.) and A. articulata (= Paludicella) y it follows that the name "Halcyonellea", 

 as originally introduced, referred to the Phylactolaemata as much as to the Ctenostomata. 

 In Ehrenberg's later and more complete classification (1839, 1. c), Halcyonellea included 

 Halcyonella and various Ctenostomata ( Vesicularia, Boweröaiikia, Farrella, Valkeria and 

 Alcyonidiitm), besides Stephanidiitm [a Hydroid ?] and Dynaniene [a Hydroid]. In view of 

 these facts I employ Gray's name, which comprised in the text of the work (1848) two Families 

 only : — the Alcyonidiadae, consisting, vvith one exception, of species of Alcyonidituu^ and the 

 Pedicellinidae. The latter are, however, transferred to the order Cornea in the Appendix 

 (p. 145) of the same Catalogue, so that the Carnosa were there left by Gray with the single 

 Family Alcyonidiadae. 



ij Johnston, G., 1847, p. 358. 



2) Ehrenberg, C. G., 1834, "Die Corallenthiere d. rothen Meeres", Abh. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 153, sep. 



3) Ibid., 1831, "Symbolae Physicae", "An. Evert.", Dec. I, "Phytozoa Polypi", sheet a. 



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