x 8 hydroida n 



parts polysiphonic. The hydrothecae are arranged on the branches and stem in two opposite rows, 

 alternating, with the mouth turned now to one side, now to the other. The hydrothecae are large, 

 tubular, passing by a slightly marked constriction over into the stolon; the diaphragm is lacking. In 

 its proximal part, the hydrotheca is fused with the stolon; owing to a sharp bend in the hydrotheca, 

 the distal part is almost perpendicular to the proximal. Opening margin slightly everted. 



The gonotheese are set close together in a (hermaphroditic?) scapus (without inserted tubes) on 

 the branches or stem. The gouothecas are bottle-shaped, with a short neck. 



Material : 



In a previous work (1912 p. 10) it was pointed out that Cryptolaria conferta is distinguished 

 from the remaining Grammaria species only by differences so slight that they do not by any means 

 warrant generic separation; the bilateral arrangement of the hydrotheca; is not an adequate generic 

 character. — Interesting from a biological point of view is the fact that this typical deep-sea form as 

 a rule developes filiform, root-like basal offshoots, for attachment to the soft bottom; I have, however, 

 once seen a colony which had attached itself to a fragment of the shell of a deep-water mollusc, and 

 had in consequence less highly developed offshoots than most colonies otherwise have. 



Grammaria. confertds northern limit of occurrence is moved a considerable distance farther north 

 by the latest finds; otherwise, its distribution is that of a typically abyssal form, and the record of 

 its occurrence in only 88 fathoms' depth far up in Danmark Strait thus comes as a surprise; the more 

 so since the species should generally be noted as a character form for the warmer and deeper waters 

 of the Atlantic. It does not penetrate in over the submarine ridges which form the southern boundary 

 of the Norwegian Sea. 



Grammaria abietina (M. Sars) Stimpson. 

 1851 Campaiutlaria abietina, M. Sars, Beretniug om en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen Zoologisk Reise, p. 131. 

 1854 Grammaria robusta, Stimpson, Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manau, p. 9, pi. 1, 



% 3- 



The colonies form coarsely built, stiff, irregularly branched rhizocaulomes, in exceptional cases with 

 creeping portions. The hydrothecae lack the diaphragm, and pass over without constriction into the 

 mother tube; their lower limit is formed by the ring of small chitinous bodies to which the base of 

 the hydrauth is attached. The hydrothecae are tubular, bent to an angle, and have as a rule a slightly 

 everted opening margin. The plane of the aperture itself is normally parallel with the axis of the 

 branch; in forms with particularly short hydrothecae, the aperture is slightly turned upwards. The 

 hydrothecae project in most cases far beyond the secondary tubes. 



The gonothecas are closely collected in hermaphroditic coppinite with highly curved tubes. The 



