ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 447 



Glands in Gall-bladder of Dog.* — G. Cutore f corroborates his 

 previous observation, criticised by Jurisch,J that small multicellular 

 intra-epithelial glands occur on the wall of the gall-bladder in the dog. 



Degeneration and Regeneration of Thymus in Modified Nutri- 

 tive Conditions.! — Arvid Jonson finds that the thymus of the rabbit 

 undergoes rapid and far-reaching involution in conditions of persistent 

 under-feeding, and that it regenerates rapidly when good nutritive con- 

 ditions are restored. He gives a histological account of both processes. 



Origin of Vertebrata.|| — E. S. Goodrich holds that no theory as 

 yet brought forward is satisfactory. All violate the sound principles 

 of phylogeny based on the combined evidence of comparative anatomy 

 and physiology, embryology, and palaeontology. " This evidence enables 

 us to trace back the Gnathostomes to a primitive shark-like fish ; the 

 Gnathostomes and Cyclostomes to a common form of much more uni- 

 formly segmented structure ; and finally the Craniata and Cephalochorda 

 to an ancestor of very simple structure, without dermal skeleton and 

 without pronounced cephalisation, which probably became extinct even 

 before the Silurian Age." 



Physiology of Senescence.! — A. Lorrand regards senescence as 

 largely clue to changes in the blood-glands, especially the thyroid, which 

 tend to weaken the processes of metabolism, to promote the growth of 

 connective-tissue, and to lessen the activity of the "anti -toxin" 

 ("entgiftende") organs. But it is an incurable disease ("senectus 

 ipsa morbus "), and as inevitable, eventually, as death. 



Homologies of Mammalian Pterygoid.** — H. Fuchs has studied 

 the pterygoid, palatine, and parasphenoid in quadrupedal Vertebrates, 

 and the general question of the relation of nerves to skeletal parts. We 

 cannot do more here than refer to one of his general results, that he 

 has given a "better basis than previously for the conclusion that the 

 Mammalian pterygoid is homologous with the pterygoid in non- 

 Mammalia, and is not homologous with the parasphenoid. 



Ligaments of Oviduct of Domestic Fowl.tf — Maynie R. Curtis 

 was led to an anatomical investigation by observing the apparent dis- 

 tribution between the musculature of the wall and the powerful peristalsis 

 that occurs. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether 

 or not there exists an extrinsic musculature capable of aiding peristalsis. 

 It was found that there is a highly developed musculature in the liga- 

 ments of the oviduct, and it was further demonstrated that this is 

 continuous with the musculature which is intrinsic in the walls of the 

 oviduct. The outer muscle layer of the oviduct is continuous with the 

 muscle fibres from the ligaments. This is similar to the condition in 

 Mammals, where the outer longitudinal layer of muscle of the uterus 



* Anat. Anzeig., xxxvi. (1010) pp. 100-3 (2 figs.). 



t Arch. Anat. Embryol., v. (1906). J Anat., Hefte xxxix. (1909). 



§ Arch. Mikr. Anat., lxxiii. (1909) pp. 390-443 (2 pis. and 11 figs.). 



|| Rep. British Assoc, for 1909 (1910) p. 484. 



^ Das Altern, seine Ursache und seine Behandlung. Loipzig (1909) !257 pp. 



** Anat. Anzeig., xxxvi. (1910) pp. 33-95 (47 figs.), 



tt Tom. rat., pp. 472-6 (1 fig.). 



