ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 171 



todes, which covers the whole body outside the muscles, is well developed 

 only in the so-called longitudinal lines, especially in the lateral areas. 

 Between the lines (subcuticula) it is very thin. By the development of 

 the muscles, the nuclei of the epidermis come to lie in the longitudinal 

 lines, especially in the lateral lines. The epidermis makes the cuticle 

 repeatedly in the course of life. 



Nematodes of Red Grouse.* — A. E. Shipley reports on the follow- 

 ing :~Trichostrongylus pergracilis Cobbold, Syngamus trachealis (which 

 occurred twice), Trichosoma longieolle Rud., Heterakis papillosa Block, 

 and Filaria smithii Sambon. 



Platyhelminth.es. 



New Planarians.f — P. Steinmann gives a full description of Planaria 

 teratophila Steinmann, pointing out how it differs from P. alpina, P. 

 montenigrina, and P. anophthahna, e.g. in the presence of two vesicular 

 tentacular sense-organs ; in the differentiation of the glandular zones on 

 the pharynx into cyanophilous and erythrophilous ; in the independence 

 of the posterior cerebral hemisphere, and in some details of the male 

 genital organs. He also discusses P. lactea Oerst. var. bathycola var. n., 

 and P. infernalis Steinmann. 



Paravortex cardii.J — P. Hallez gives an account of the structure, 

 habits, and development of Paravortex cardii sp. n., a Rhabdoccel parasite 

 of the cockle. It reproduces viviparously throughout the year. It is a 

 protandrous hermaphrodite, but the male organs continue to function 

 throughout life. The empty shells, more than eighty in number, remain 

 in the body, while the embryos bore out of the parent into the alimentary 

 canal of the host, first the stomach and then the intestine. They pass 

 out by the siphon. Copulation occurs in the intestine, perhaps also in 

 the free-living stage. Thereafter there is migration into the stomach of 

 a cockle, where the life is completed. 



The segmentation is rather irregular, in a general way epibolic. A 

 morula is formed, and all the elements seem to be of equal value. Hallez 

 refrains from speaking of germinal layers. The ectolecithal nuclei share 

 in development. The development proceeds like that of a bud, or like a 

 neoformation after histolysis. A careful account of the whole process is 

 given. 



Synapsis in Thysanozoon brocchi. § — Willy Deton describes the 

 resting nuclear reticulum that is re-established after the last " gonial " 

 kinesis. The great increase in the size of the oocyte is preceded by a 

 synaptic stage. This Turbellarian must be added to the list of those 

 forms (e.g. Planaria gonocephala) in which there is a pseudo-reduction by 

 means of a " zygotasnic " stage. 



Relationships of Digenic Trematodes.|| — D. H. Ssnitzin lays em- 

 phasis on the absence of asexual multiplication in digenic Trematodes, 



* Pl-oc. Zool. Soc, 1909, pp. 335-50 (8 pis.). 



t Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., xciii. (1909) pp. 157-84 (1 pi. and 3 figs.). 



X Arch. Zool. Exper., ix. (1909) pp. 429-544 (10 pis.). 



§ La Cellule, xxv. (1909) pp. 133-47 (1 pi.) 



|| Biol. Centralbl. xxix. (1909) pp. 664-82 (1 pi.). 



N 2 



