172 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



either in the form of division or budding. He goes so far that he would 

 exclude them from the class. Their relationship with Turbellaria and 

 Cestoda is very dubious ; their resemblance to monogeuic Trematodes is 

 quite superficial. " The ancestor of the digenic Trematodes possessed a 

 secondary co3lom (gonoccel), and must be sought for among the nearest 

 ancestors of the lower Crustaceans." 



Abnormalities in Bothriocephalus.* — N. Leon describes two speci- 

 mens of Bothriocephalus latus, which were in many ways peculiar. The 

 colour was slate-grey, perhaps due to the bile. There were numerous 

 supernumerary triangular joints, incomplete divisions of joints, curious 

 irregular excrescences, and disk-like scales with short stalks. The scales 

 are formed by evaginations of the cuticle and sub-cuticle. The pro- 

 digious multiplication of joints expresses a tendency to multiplication of 

 the gonads. 



Structure of Tetrabothrius.f — W. Spatlick describes two new species 

 from Puffinus, and discusses the general structure of this Cestode type. 

 The strongly developed longitudinal musculature is not interrupted at 

 the boundaries of the joints. The musculature is very complex in the 

 proglottides, and that of the scolex is derivable from it. The peculiar 

 adhesive bothridia are described in detail. There are ten longitudinal 

 nerve-strands, with three annular commissures in each joint, and central- 

 isation in the head by means of a nerve-ring with four ganglia. Ganglion- 

 cells were found in the head only. The anterior part of the head is with- 

 out flame-cells. Not a few features in the Tetrabothrius-type confirm the 

 interpretation of the Cestode body as that of one individual. 



Posterior End of Rhynchobothrius Chain. $ — Th. Pintner has studied 

 specimens of Rhynchobothrius ruficollis Eysenhardt, which retain the 

 original terminal proglottis, showing a retort-shaped bladder with which 

 the excretory vessels are connected. This bladder arises as an invagina- 

 tion of the outer layers of the body, with a special thickening of the 

 circular muscle. It may be inferred that the original state of affairs at 

 the end of a Tetrarhynch us -chain included a bell-shaped invagination 

 around a central papilla, or that the original hind-end showed a pro- 

 trading annular fold, the posterior half of the cavity forming a bladder ; 

 while in the anterior part the original external surface of the tail-end and 

 the interna] surface of the fold have coalesced up to the four excretory 

 canals. 



Tapeworms of Red Grouse.§ — A. E. Shipley describes Davainea uro- 

 galli (Modeer), D. cesticillus, Hynwiolepis microps (Diesing). Numerous 

 insects have been searched in the hope of finding the cyst-stages of these 

 tapeworms, but no result has as yet rewarded the author's labours. 



Parasites of Birds allied to Grouse. || — A. E. Shipley gives a list of 

 the Cestodes, Trematodes, Nematodes, and Acanthocephala known to 

 occur in grouse, ptarmigan, willow grouse, hazel-hen, blackcock, and 

 capercaillie. 



* Centralbl. Bakt. Parasitenk., 1. (1909) pp. 616-19 (2 figs.). 



t Zool. Jahrb., xxviii. (1909) pp. 539-94(4 pis. and 9 figs.). 



X Arb. Zool. lust. Univ. Wien, xviii. (1910) pp. 113-32 (2 pis.). 



$ Proc. Zool. Soc, 1909, pp. 351-63 (5 pis.). || Tom. cit., pp. 363-8. 



