ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. MICROSCOPY, ETC. 747 



it might be used with advantage in cultivating disease-proof bushes. 

 The whole problem is worthy of serious consideration. 



A. Lemcke* gives an account of the same disease in East Prussia. 

 It was reported from 962 localities, and in some districts had completely 

 destroyed all the gooseberries. He gives the best methods of dealing 

 with the disease, and also gives a list of gooseberry varieties that are 

 immune and less susceptible to the disease. 



Oak Mildew. — Ed. Fischerf records the spread of this disease in 

 Switzerland, where it occurred most frequently on Quercus pedunculate/,, 

 Q. sessiliflora, and Q. pubescens. The author thinks it is possibly a 

 species of Microsplisera, which has been a long time in the country, and, 

 for some unexplained reason, has suddenly become epidemic, or possibly 

 some American species that has been introduced. 



E. Barsali + records its appearance in Italy, where it was first 

 observed in 1907, near Livorno, chiefly in damp situations. In a short 

 time the disease spread to the other oaks in the neighbourhood. 



Notes on Yeast-cells. § — A. (ruilliermond records a somewhat 

 curious phenomenon observed in the cells of Debaryomyces globulosus. 

 In that species spore-formation takes place after copulation of two cells. 

 The author noted many instances in which spore-formation took place 

 without such previous fusion, but the fertile cells formed a small beak- 

 like outgrowth exactly similar to the fusing-cells. In Schwanniomyces 

 occidental is there is never any copulation of cells ; but there the beak- 

 like outgrowth is also formed, pointing, (iuilliermond considers, to an 

 earlier ancestral condition when fusion preceded spore-formation. 



Red Yeast. |j — E. Pringsheim and H. Bilewsky have made a study of 

 the life-history of this yeast distinguished by the reddish colour of the 

 cells. The authors have finally defined it as Torula glutinis, the specific 

 name having been originally given to it from its growing frequently on 

 starch-paste. It is never found on living vegetation, but is easily 

 cultivable on cooked fruits, potatoes, etc. It was cultivated successfully 

 on a variety of artificial media, but spore-cells have never been detected, 

 and for this reason the authors have decided that it belongs to the 

 genus Torula rather than to Saccharomyces. It has been frequently 

 described as fouling milk, butter, etc. 



Uredinese. — A. von Jaczewskil" publishes a German translation of his 

 Piussian paper on the black rust ol cereals, Puccinia graminis, which is 

 the cause of widespread damage in Russia. He describes the germina- 

 tion of the stylospores, and their failure to infect the host-plant. 

 .Ecidiospores were also freely cultivated, and their germination followed. 

 ^Ecidia grew not only on Berberis vulgaris, but also on several other 



* Arb. Landw. Prow Ostpreuszen, No. 24 (1909) pp. 1-33. See also Zeitschr. 

 Pflanzenkr., xx. (1910) pp. 363-4. 



t Schweiz. Zeitschr. Forstwesen, 1909. See also Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., xx. 

 1910, p. 364. 



X Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital., 1909. See also Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., xx. (1910) pp. 344-5. 



§ C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris, lxviii. (1910) pp. 363-5 (2 figs.). See also Ann. Mycol., 

 viii. (1910) p. 487. 



|| Beitr. Biol. Pflanz., x. (1910) pp. 118-32 (1 pi.). 



i Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., xx. (1910) pp. 321-59 (8 figs.). 



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