ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 625 



Study of Torula Fungi.* — Arthur Geiger selected four organisms 

 from the wort of a brewery that were not true yeasts, and has studied 

 them under every aspect : morphologically, including the form, size, 

 and contents of the cells, the cell-bands, growth on the various sub- 

 strata, and formation of the cell-walls ; physiologically, the examination 

 consisted of the re-action of the cells to various sugars, acids, and 

 alcohols. Finally, he tested their behaviour under changes of tempera- 

 ture. G-eiger determined all four as new species — Pseudomonilia albo- 

 marginata, P. rubescens (the giant colonies red-coloured), P. mesmterka, 

 and P. cartilaginosa. Full descriptions are given of these and of the 

 results of the various culture experiments. In addition, fourteen tables 

 have been drawn up, giving comparative percentages and results. 



Yeast-cells of Endomyces albicans.f — Henry Penau cultivated the 

 fungus on carrot, beetroot, and potato. He describes his methods of 

 work and the changes in the development of the cells. He supports 

 Guillierinond's views on the yeast-cell, and found, as he did, a meta- 

 chromatic corpuscle and a nucleus, the latter extremely small and possibly 

 possessing only one chromatin granule. It is always attached to the 

 vacuole of the metachromatic corpuscle. At the time of cell-division the 

 cytoplasm buds out and the nuclear granule divides into two equal minute 

 chromatic masses, one of them passing over into the daughter-cell. 



Functions of Yeast. + — W. Stanley Smith publishes a paper on yeast 

 from an industrial point of view. He discusses chiefly the environment 

 and the changes that are brought about by the quality of the food pre 

 sented to the yeast-plant in the wort used in brewing. He discusses the 

 different kinds of beer manufactured and the conditions that affect the 

 taste, etc., of the products of brewing. He also discusses various chemical 

 questions in connexion with the fermentation process. 



Systematic Study of Hendersonia.§ — Ernst Voges has examined a 

 large number of species of this genus, and he finds that the presence or 

 absence of the pycnidium is not a sufficiently decisive character in de- 

 termining the systematic position of genera. He considers that the 

 character and habit as a whole must be taken into account. In the case 

 of Hendersonia, nearly related forms would be widely separated if isolated 

 features alone were dwelt upon, some of the species being classified 

 among Sphasropsidales, others among Melanconiales. Voges found very 

 marked differences in the form and development of the pycnidia of 

 Hendersonia species on the same branch ; in some cases the fruiting 

 body was wholly immersed, in others the epidermis was burst and the 

 pycnidium laid open. He did not find any further fruiting-form in 

 connexion with this fungus. 



Culture Studies of Species of Penicillium.|| — Ch. Thorn lays down 

 as an essential, in describing species of this genus, that they should be 



• Centralbl. Bakt., xxvii. (1910) pp. 97-149 (1 pi. and 14 figs.), 

 t Comptes Reudus, cli. (1910) pp. 252-4. 

 X Journ. Inst. Brewing, xvi. (1910) pp. 456-68. 

 § Bot. Zeit., lxviii. (1910) pp. 87-100 (10 figs). 



|| U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Anim. Ind. Bull. No. 118 (1910) 107 pp. (36 figs.). 

 See also Ann. Mycol., viii. (1910) p. 418. 



