792 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



that has been cold-worked than in the same steel not submitted to such 

 mechanical treatment. The phenomenon is most strongly marked in 

 steels containing very little carbon and at the same time somewhat 

 phosphoric. The linear dimensions of crystalline grain after annealing, 

 in such a steel, in a part previously cold-worked, may be as much as ten 

 times the dimensions of grain in a part which has not undergone cold- 

 work. Annealing temperatures of 650° to 800° C. bring out these 

 differences well. 



Application of Titanium Alloys in the Steel Industry/ 1 — W. 

 Venator has divided three charges of basic open-hearth steel each into 

 two portions, to one of which was added titanium, none being added to 

 the other; 0*038, - 092 and 0-14 p.c. titanium were added, but only 

 traces were found in the steel. The author considers that the mechan- 

 ical properties of the steel were distinctly improved by the titanium 

 addition. The titanium appears to bave a reducing and purifying action, 

 possibly removing traces of nitrogen also. 



Effects Produced by Rolling.t — H. Meissner and H. Felser have 

 examined, chemically and microscopically, specimens taken from various 

 descriptions of mild steel and puddled iron at different stages in the 

 process of rolling. While no alteration in chemical composition took 

 place in the mild steel, a considerable reduction in the amount of slag- 

 imprisoned in the puddled iron occurred during the rolling, as much as 

 80 p.c. of the slag being removed. The size of the ferrite grains 

 diminished, and curves are given showing the gradual reduction in grain 

 size during rolling. Mechanical tests were taken at various stages. 



Apparatus for Metallographic Work.} — S. S. Knight describes a 

 metallographical equipment which he finds satisfactory, after discarding 

 four complete outfits in turn. The camera is vertical, and may be 

 swung back out of the way for visual examination. The illuminating 

 apparatus, comprising an acetylene burner enclosed in a sheet-iron 

 chimney, and a condenser, is clamped to the Microscope tube, and thus 

 follows the movement of the lens. Very little light escapes into the 

 room. A cover-glass illuminator is preferable to one of the prism type. 

 As the two influences controlling the quality of iron and steel are 

 composition and heat-treatment, the author considers that metallo- 

 graphical examination almost completely supplements chemical analysis. 



Metallography in German and Belgian Laboratories^ — G. Anion 

 reports on his visit to various German and Belgian iron and steel works, 

 undertaken to study the organization and ecpiipment of their labora- 

 tories. At the Krupp establishment, levigated emery-powder is used 

 for the final polishing of sections ; alumina is more commonly used else- 

 where. Hydrochloric acid is frequently preferred to picric or nitric 

 acid for etching, while etching for macroscopic examination, which is 

 widely practised, is usually performed by means of Heyn's copper- 

 ammonium-chloride reagent. For the detection of sulphides the 



* Stahl mid Eisen, xxx. (1910) pp. 650-4 (14 figs.). 



t Tom. cit., pp. 287-90 (9 figs.). 



X Iron Age, lxxxv. (1910) p. 279 (1 fig.). 



§ Rev. McStallurgie, vii. (1910) pp. 405-28 (16 figs.). 



