ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 65 



made on no less than 458 species, which are classified in a numher of 

 groups, according to the presence or arrangement of male, female, her- 

 maphrodite, and non-sexual flowers. The original type of flower is 

 unquestionably the hermaphrodite tubular flower. These, when present, 

 always occupy the centre of the capitule, the most strongly modified 

 forms of flower being at the periphery. The most complicated arrange- 

 ments occur in Antennaria dioica and Leontopodium ; in the former there 

 are no less than seven forms of flower. 



Double Flowers and Parasitism.* — M. Molliard give3 a summary 

 of the examples at present known where flowers assume a " double " 

 character or are otherwise modified by the attacks of insects or of 

 fungi : — Knautia arvensis by Peronospora violacea ; Matricaria inodora 

 by P. Radii ; Viola syloatica by Puccinia Violas (petalody of the 

 stamens) ; many UmbelliferaB and Cruciferae by the attacks of Hemiptera 

 or Acari. He now adduces two other instances of petalody caused by 

 parasitic fungi : — Petalody of the stamens and carpels in Primula 

 officinalis, caused by the invasion of the root by the mycele of a fungus 

 belonging to the DematieaB ; petalody of the stamens in plants of 

 Scabiosa Columbaria, the roots of which were infested by galls of Hetero- 

 dera radicicola. 



Fruit of the Cocoa-nut-! — A. L. Winton gives an elaborate descrip- 

 tion of the anatomical structure of the fruit of Cocos nuci/era. The cells 

 of the endosperm contain bundles of needle-shaped " fat-crystals," and 

 lumps of proteid matter, each lump containing, as a rule, a single 

 crystalloid. 



Carpophyll of Encephalartos.j — Sir W. T. Thiselton - Dyer has 

 studied the structure of a monstrous female cone of Encephalartos 

 villosus, from which he concludes that in this species the carpophyll is a 

 reduced and modified equivalent of an entire foliage-leaf, the pinnse of 

 the himiua being represented by teeth. In E. longifolius, brachyphyllus, 

 and other species, on the other hand, the carpophyll is entirely petiolar ; 

 below, and concealed by the peltate extremity, it bears a pair of ovules, 

 one on each side. 



Amphicarpous Plants.§-S. Murbeck describes the following cases 

 of amphicarpy from the flora of N. W. Africa : — (1) Emex spinosa 

 (Polygonaceae). The object of the underground formation of fruit does 

 not appear to be here protection against frugivorous animals, since this 

 is already effected by the spiny nature of the fruit. The underground 

 female flowers display a remarkable development of the stigmas. 

 (2) Scrophularia arguta. The underground flowers are cleistogamous, 

 although the corolla is not altogether suppressed. (3) Catananche lutea 

 (Compositae). The underground capitule consists of only from 1-3 

 flowers ; its flowers are not cleistogamous, but are apparently self- 

 fertilised. In all these three cases there appears to be a connection be- 

 tween the production of underground flowers and the partial suppression 

 of the tap-root. 



* Comptes Rendus, cxxxiii. (1901) pp. 548-50. 



t Amer. .Journ. Sci. (Silliman), xii. (1901) pp. 265-80 (11 figs.). 



X Ann. Bot, xv. (1901) pp. 548-50 (1 pi.). 



§ Ofv. k. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl., lviii. (1901) pp. 549-71 (7 figs.) (German). 



Feb. 19th, 1902 v 



