ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 



261 



The lower portion or receptacle has a funnel-shaped upper end, the tube 

 of which passes through a rubber stopper into the flask. Into the main 

 tube is let a secondary tube bent at right 

 angles, the outlet end of which is connected 

 with an exhaust apparatus. The method of 

 action is easily understandable from the ac- 

 companying illustration. 



Results of Chilling Copper-Tin Alloys.* 

 — Messrs. Heycock and Neville describe 

 their experiments. Their results, which do 

 not lend themselves to abstraction, are il- 

 lustrated by a series of photomicrographs 

 showing very remarkable changes in the 

 metals under the influence of the treatment. 



Crystallisation produced in Solid Metal 

 by Pressure.f — W. Campbell describes tho 

 change of micro-structure produced by ham- 

 mering a button of tin. He found that even 

 the slight pressure exerted in the use of a 

 file affected the structure. Lead, cadmium, 

 and zinc were similarly affected. 



Copper-Iron Alloys. J — After quoting 

 the results obtained by previous investiga- 

 tors in the formation of copper-iron alloys, 

 J. E. Stead surmises that their discordancies 

 must be due to disregard of the presence or 

 absence of carbon in their irons. He there- 

 fore first describes his experiences with cop- 

 per and commercially pure iron, and con- 

 cludes, as the result of very many experi- 

 ments, that : — 



(1) Copper and iron alloy in every pro- 

 portion by direct fusion, and in none of the 

 alloys is there any tendency for the metals 

 to separate into two conjugate liquid layers. 



(2) That the complete series of alloys 

 may be classed into three distinct sections : — 



A. Alloys with traces to 2*73 p.c. 



iron and 97*20 p.c. copper. 



B. Alloys with between 2*73 p.c. 



iron and 97*20 p.c. copper, 

 and 92 * 00 p.c. iron and about 

 8 * 00 p.c. copper. 



C. Alloys containing between 8 * p.c. 



and traces of copper. 

 In his experiments with a carbon-iron Fig. 64. 



* Proc. Roy. Soc, Ixviii. ; Metallographist, v. (l'J02) pp. 41-52 (7 figs.). 



t Metallographist, v. (1902) pp. 57-8 (3 figs.). 



J Tom. cit., pp. 25-41 (6 figs.); and Iron and Steel Institute, Sept. 1901. 



