ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 447 



of structure is very "striking. The blades of the two cotyledons of 

 Eranthis are distinct, but the long petioles are united to form a slender 

 cylinder, a transverse section of which shows two bundles in exactly 

 the same position as in Anemarrhena. The arrangement in the 

 thickened hypocotyl is also comparable with that in the mono- 

 cotyiedonous genus. The author concludes that in Eranthis we have a 

 plant which is in the way to become a monocotyledon ; we have only 

 to imagine the blades of the cotyledons united to complete the resem- 

 blance. The complete union of the cotyledons in Monocotyledons may 

 be due to their common specialisation as a sucking organ. The fact 

 that the apex of the cotyledon in this group often remains within the 

 endosperm throughout its existence might lead in course of time to the 

 fusion of the cotyledons within the seed. On this view the Mono- 

 cotyledons are the more recent group. 



Stipular Structures of Monocotyledons.* — H. Gliick shows that 

 true paired stipules (stipulse laterales) occur in Hydrocharis, Naias, 

 Potamogeton, Rujppia, Althenia, Pothos, and Smilax otigera, and that these 

 structures are not so rare in Monocotyledons as has been supposed. Of 

 special interest are those of certain species of Potamogeton, where only 

 the leaves immediately succeeding the cotyledon have typical lateral 

 stipules. In the following leaves the stipules gradually pass into a 

 sheath-like appendage united with the leaf-base (stipula adnata) and 

 ending in a ligule, and then by gradual shortening of the sheath-like 

 portion into an apparently axillary ligule (stipula axillaris). The 

 author regards this series as of phylogenic importance. The stipules 

 laterales represent the oldest type (I.) from which have developed in 

 succession the stipules adnatae (II.) and the stipulse axillares (III.). 

 The ligule-beanng leaf-sheath of the grasses belongs to the second type, 

 as also do similar structures in Potamogeton, Calla palmtris, Zingiber, 

 and others. To types II. and 111. belong also all those appendages 

 in which the stipular sheath is a closed tube, like the tubular liguled 

 leaf-sheath in Allium Ampeloprasum, Pontederia, Ac. The simple leaf- 

 sheaths in grasses and orchids are regarded as further reduced stipular 

 structures. 



In the second part of the paper, the author discusses the biological 

 iunction of the stipules which may act exclusively for the protection 

 of young undeveloped members, or in addition as assimilating organs. 

 In some cases the stipules serve mainly as protective organs for winter 

 buds, in others they protect inflorescences or flowers, in others they 

 serve mainly as stores of reserve material. 



Subterranean Plants of Epiphegus.f — E. G. Leavitt describes 

 dwarf specimens of Epiphegus virginiana completely buried 1 or 2 in. 

 deep in the soil and bearing several fruits with good seed. 



Regeneration of Leaf-Blade in Cyclamen.} — H. Winkler confirms 

 Hildebrand's statement that on removal of the leaf-blade from the 

 primary leaf of Cyclamen persicum and africanum new growths appear 



* Verb, naturhist.-med. Ver. Heidelberg, N.F. vii. Heft 1, pp. 96 (5 pis.). See 

 Botan. Zeit., lx. (1902) p. 43. 



t Bot. Gaz., xxxiii. (1902) p. 376 (1 fig.). 



j Ber. Deutech. Bot. Ges., xx. (1902) pp. 81-7. 



