ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 213 



in dry weather, a Sclerotium is formed, Sc. stipitatum. Large sclerotia give 

 rise to a perithecial Xylaria ; the smaller sclerotia produce only conklhil 

 forms. 



Study of Penicillium.* — Carl Weidemann sums up the work of various 

 writers on this genus, and gives a sketch of the species examined and 

 established by them. He lays special stress on the necessity of always 

 recording the substratum on which the fungus has been growing, and 

 also in culture experiments he considers it advisable to test the develop- 

 ment on a variety of substances. He has followed this plan in his 

 examination of seven species, P. olivaceum, P. italicum, P. camemberti, 

 P. roqueforti, P. Juglandis, P. Muses, and P. Jciliense. The last three 

 are new species discovered by him on various substances ; several of 

 the others, as the names indicate, grew on cheese. He gives in each 

 case a microscopic description of the species and adds the observations 

 made on the cultures on gelatin, rice, sugar, milk, tannin, etc. The 

 species are all illustrated. No ascomycetous fruit was found for any of 

 the species. 



Hyphomycetes.t — The fascicle just issued by G. Lindau deals with 

 some of the largest genera of Hyphomycetes, Helminthosporium, Brachy- 

 sporium, and Cercospora. The latter is parasitic on leaves, stalks, etc., 

 and is often the cause of considerable damage to cultivated plants. A 

 large number of species are described, and the genera are illustrated, 

 sometimes by drawings of several species. 



Development of Endophyllum Euphorbiae-silvaticse.l — W. Midler 

 describes this fungus, which lives in the stems and leaves of Euphorbia 

 amygdaloides, and which takes two years for its full development. The 

 rhizome buds become infected by the spores, the fungus remains dormant 

 during the winter and grows in spring with the growth of the host-plant. 

 In April and May pyenidia and sometimes aecidia are formed. After a 

 second winter the mycelium attacks the meristem of the plant and causes 

 the characteristic deformations. Pyenidia are again formed and teleuto- 

 spores in cup-like sori on the under side of the leaves. The growth of 

 the plant is seriously retarded, and flowering is hindered or entirely 

 prevented. 



Uredineas. — Ed. Fischer § reports on Gymnosporangium in Switzer- 

 land. He distinguishes two classes ; those in which the teleutospores 

 grow on Juniperus Sabina, and those with teleutospores on J. communis. 

 Five species have been distinguished, but Fischer thinks there are pro- 

 bably more than that number included in the group. His inoculation 

 experiments proved this in more than one instance. 



F. Urech || reported a case of Puccinia Garicis having been found 

 growing on a nettle stalk, forming a sorus, about 10 cm. in length, and 

 causing a bending of the stalk. Though diligent search was made, no 

 second instance of its occurrence was found. 



* Centralbl. Bakt., xix. (1907) pp. 675-90, 755-69 (8 figs.). 



t Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen Flora, i. abt. 9, lief 106 (Leipzig, 1907) pp. 49-112. 



% Centralbl. Bakt., xx. (1908) pp. 333-41. 



§ Arcb. Sci. Phys. Nat., xxiv. (1897) pp. 494-6. 



|| Tom. cit., pp. 497-8. 



