180 SUMMARY OF CUKRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



oxygen, but go on excreting carbon dioxide during that time almost at 

 the normal rate. The intramolecular respiration is very important, 

 and there is evidence of enzymatic processes in the respiration, and of 

 a certain regulative power in abnormal conditions. But most of the 

 results are of a technical physiological character, and not readily 

 summarised here. 



Nematohelminthes. 



Toxins Secreted by Parasites.* — M. Weinberg has already main- 

 tained that the species of Sclerostomum infesting the horse secretes toxic 

 substances which dissolve the red-blood corpuscles, hinder coagulation, 

 and produce a precipitate in the serum. He seeks to extend this to 

 cesophagostomiasis," of which he has studied thirty cases in monkeys, 

 and to ankylostomiasis. 



Platyhelminthes. 



Notes on Cestodes. — Edwin Linton f describes Calyptrobothrium 

 minus sp. n., from the Torpedo. The bothria are in pairs, prominent,, 

 very flexible in life, with the relatively large suckers characteristic of 

 the genus. The general plan of a mature segment is like that of 

 C. occidentale. Figures are given of two free segments in coitu, and 

 of the everted cirrus with spermatozoa issuing from the apex. It is 

 noted that free segments are capable of making progressive movements^ 

 during which the anterior end is elongated so as to resemble the neck 

 of certain distomes. The resemblance is heightened by the almost con- 

 stant presence of a rounded knob at the anterior end. The surface of 

 the joint is slightly roughened by very minute serrations which project 

 posteriorly, so that the spasmodic contractions, aided by a kind of flowing 

 peristalsis, constantly propel the segment forward. 



M. Kowalewski % briefly discusses two avian Cestodes, Aploparaxis 

 penetrans Clerc, from the intestine of Limnocryptes gallinula, and Hyme- 

 nolepis compressa Linton. 



Pearl-forming Flukes. § — Alfred Giard discusses Gymnophalh/s 

 somaterm Levinseu, the young form of which he has found in Donax 

 and Tellinaceas at Boulogne, the adult probably occurring in Oedemia 

 or some other sea-bird. He also deals with G. bursicola from mussels 

 and Saxicava rugosa, the adult form of which occurs in the eider-duck. 



Trematodes from British Birds.|| — W. Nicoll describes a large 

 number of forms — Spelotrema excellem sp. n., from the herring-gull ; 

 S.feriatum sp. n., from Pel idna alpina, Totanus calidris and JEgialites 

 hiaticula : Tocotrema jejunum sp. n., from Totanus calidris ; Gymno- 

 phallus dapsilis sp. n., from Oedemia fusca and 0. nigra, Maritrema 

 gratiosum, and two other new species of this new genus. 



* Ann. Soc. Biol. Paris, lxiv. (1908) pp. 25-7. 



t Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, xxxii. (1907) pp. 275-84 (7 figs.). 



% Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, No. 7 (1907) pp. 774-6 (1 pi.). 



§ C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris, lxiii. (1907) pp. 416-20. 



|| Ann. Nat. Hist., xx. (1907) pp. 245-71. 



