ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 7 ( .» 



kills the seed, or attacks the young seedling and kills the roots. In 

 eases where the plant survives with the fungus still in the tissues, the 

 hyphaj emerge through the stomata and form flat pustules, from which 

 the perithecia are developed, identical with Nectria graminicola. Fusarium 

 nivale is thus synonymous with /•'. minimum and F. hibernans. Seed- 

 infection probably takes place at the time of flowering. 



Study of Hyphomycetes.*— 0. Appel and 11. W. Wollenweber have 

 had recourse to artificial cultures to aid them in understanding and deter- 

 mining species of Fusarium. They can thus find out the limitations of 

 size and form of the spores, and the fruiting conditions of the species. 

 They find that Fusarium Solani includes a number of forms. Other 

 species in cultures developed perithecia of various genera. With special 

 interest they record that Fusarium Willkommii, which causes canker on 

 deciduous trees, developed in the cultures perithecia of Nectria ditissima. 

 They recommend the same method for the further study of such genera 

 as Verticil 7 Hum, Spicaria, Volutella, Periola, Ascoclnjta, and others. 



Coremium-formation in Penicillium.t. - W. Wachter has taken 

 Penicillium f/laucum from various sources and cultivated it on a series 

 of culture solutions varying in nutritive strength. He found that only 

 some of the forms could be induced to make Coremium-gTOvrths (out of 

 eleven, only nine were Coremium forms). He concludes that P.glaucum 

 is a composite species, and that the tendency to Co rem i am -iovvnntww 

 should he counted a diagnostic character. Tables are given to illustrate 

 the experiments. 



Metabolism of Moulds.}— C. Ravenna and GT. Pighini have been 

 examining the toxic properties of Aspergillus fumigatus in connexion 

 with the research as to the cause of Pellagra. Research workers in this 

 field have had their attention specially directed to Pen k ill Hum glaucum, 

 the most frequent parasite of maize, and it has been held that a toxic 

 principle had been isolated from that mould. The authors were able to 

 do the same for Aspergillus fumigatus, though the quantity secured was 

 too small to determine its nature. 



Influence of Iron on the Formation of Spores in Aspergillus 

 Niger.§ — GT. Linossier publishes a note explanatory of the fact stated 

 by Santon that Aspergillus niger would not form spores in a culture in 

 which iron was absent. Linossier Gas examined the spore-pigment and 

 finds that it contains iron ; hence the reason of their non-formation is 

 that iron is essential to them. 



Uredineae.||— J. C. Arthur has published a general survey of 

 American Rose-rusts, species of Phrugmidium. The geographical dis- 

 tribution is somewhat remarkable, most of the species occupying isolated 

 areas. P. speciosum, however, occurs all over the United States. 



* Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xxviii. (1910) pp. 435-48 (1 pi.). 



t Jahrb. Wiss. Bot., xlviii. (1910) pp. 521-48. 



X Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, cccvii. (1910) pp. 312-16. 



§ Comptes Rendus, cli. (1910) pp. 1075-6. 



II Torreya, ix. (1910) pp. 21-8. See also Ann. Mycol., viii. (1910) p. 571. 



