108 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



outrigger device exemplified in the few small outrigger coasters 

 lingering to extinction in east Java, and the other, a very vigorous 

 and healthy branch, represented by the great tripod-masted 

 trading praus of the Bugis of the Celebes. These are to be seen 

 by the score any day in Macassar harbour ; the compound masts, 

 great poop, high open bulwarks and double quarter-rudders of 

 their prototype have been preserved but the whole outrigger device 

 has bepn discarded, concurrently with a great development — 

 broadening— of the underwater portion of the hull. 



In regard to details and the variations of the double outrigger 

 found within Indonesia itself, the types most widely spread are 

 the direct and that which I have termed the East Indonesian. 

 The latter stretches in an unbroken chain from Lombok, north to 

 the Celebes, thence east to the Moluccas and on to N.-W. New 

 Guinea. Only in Sumatra, Java, Madura and Bali, the islands 

 most intimately influenced by Indian thought and enterprise, is 

 this type absent; the sculptures of Boro Budur though not so 

 clear as one would desire, lend support to the idea that a thousand 

 years ago the same design was indeed current in Java, and used 

 for very much larger craft than any of the present day. This great 

 extension in time as also in geographical range would seem to 

 indicate that this is the centra! and most characteristic of true 

 Indonesian designs; that all others save the direct are local 

 variations evolved either by local ingenuity, usually to meet special 

 and limited requirements, or else copies or adaptations of designs 

 in use by people of other races, Papuasian or Polynesian, who use 

 single outriggers. 



With regard to the direct form of outrigger, where the booms 

 are lashed to the floats without any intermediate joint, present-day 

 distribution is curiously discontinuous, for this type is found only 

 on the west coast of Sumatra and in the Philippines, the Sulu 

 Island; and, both in the pure form and in one most curiously 

 hermaphrodite, in Minahasa (N. Celebes) and the Sangir islands to 

 the north. Apart from the simple form of direct connexion seen 

 commonly in Minahasa, it is quite clear that the hermaphrodite type 

 found in the same region marks the meeting place of two distinct 

 types ; in its bifid ends, the use of braces to stiffen the booms, and 

 especially in the direct connexion of the forward boom with the 

 floats, the resemblances of the Minahasa design with that of Sulu 

 are perfectly clear, while the use of the East Indonesian type of 



