106 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



from land, and working so with the local breezes that it is seldom 

 the outrigger is on the lee side. With a light wind prevailing, this 

 is not dangerous to such a comparatively large vessel well loaded 

 with cargo. 



In this connexion 1 must not omit to point out the probability 

 that outrigger vessels of larger size than any now existing, were 

 the ordinary sea-going craft of Java over 1,000 years ago. Indeed 

 it is in Java that the largest outrigger coasting vessels anywhere 

 outside of Ceylon have survived to our own times. Unfortunately 

 we cannot as yet be quite certain whether these old Javanese 

 outrigger ships were provided with the single or the double form ; 

 the persistence of the double form in the existing Javanese coasters 

 is a strong a priori reason for the belief that they had the double 

 rig. In respect of ability to beat to windward, the double outrigger 

 is a decided advance upon the single ; it possesses the further 

 advantage that it permits of very roomy cabin structures being 

 built ; the lateral parts may project several feet outboard on either 

 side, resting upon the projecting ends of stout thwartship beams, 

 as in the Boro Budur ship design ; this has the advantage of 

 permitting the immersed portion of the hull to be small in sectional 

 dimensions, offering a minimum of resistence in its passage 

 through the water. Under adverse conditions the single outrigger 

 behaves well if carefully and strongly constructed, but it is not 

 good in fine weather for long voyages, even when the winds are 

 regular and seasonal, on acccunt of inadequate cabin accommo- 

 dation ; in eastern seas long voyages can usually be taken in perfect 

 confidence that the wind will remain in the same quarter for the 

 whole duration of the trip. 



Whether or not we accept the conclusion which I put forward 

 that the double outrigger was evolved from the single form it is 

 unthinkable that they had separate or independent origin. 



The conclusion that the single outrigger is the primitive type, 

 from which the double was derived in consequence of the necessity 

 found by some of the users of the single form for one better 

 adapted for commercial purposes, and the prosecution of long 

 voyages, receives its greatest confirmation from the present distri- 

 bution of the single outrigger. Only on such a hypothesis as the 

 above can we account satisfactorily for the striking discontinuity 

 in the geographical range of this type. There must have been a 

 time when its range extended from India and Ceylon to hither 



