104 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



contradicting Modigliani's statement, quoted by Haddon,* of the 

 absence of such craft from these islands. C. Chun f gives a 

 photograph of a double outrigger from South Pagei, and the Raffles 

 Museum in Singapore has a model of another from the Engano 

 Islands of similar construction— a double outrigger frame and 

 direct attachment. The most interesting item however, in regard 

 to Sumatran outriggers is Rosenberg's statement J that the 

 Mentawei Islanders use the single outrigger, a fact of the utmost 

 significance when we recall his opinion that the Mentawei people 

 exhibit distinct Polynesian physical characteristics. 



All these Sumatran outriggers appear to have direct attachment, 

 whether they be single or double in form. 



CONCLUSIONS. 



The outstanding fact made clear by the foregoing study 

 is the universality of the use of the double outrigger among 

 Indonesian peoples. Further than this it is necessary to lay stress 

 upon the fact that the double outrigger design is confined strictly 

 to Indonesia with the exception of Madagascar, the Comoro islands 

 and the Swahili coast of East Africa. ^ The conclusion is therefore 

 logical and reasonable that the invention of the double outrigger 

 should be credited to the intelligence of the ancestors of the 

 present Indonesians. 



In this connexion arises the difficulty of determining whether 

 the single or double outrigger is the original or more primitive 

 form. We have seen how the double outrigger is associated most 

 strictly with the Indonesian peoples — those tribes and race sections 

 who have distinct Mongolian affinities and whose true relationship 

 would be better expressed by the term Malaysian, the Malays being 

 in some ways the best developed as well as the most widely spread 

 section of the communities occupying this region. Wherever people 

 of Indonesian origin have penetrated, there the double outrigger is 

 seen unless replaced by craft other than outrigger canoes — the 

 adventurers who crossed the Indian Ocean to Madagascar took it 



* Haddon, A. C, " The Outrigger Canoes of Torres Straits and N. Queensland,'' 

 In Essays and Studies presented to IV. Ridgeway, Cambridge 1 913. 



t Chun, C, Aus den Tiefen des Welf tneeres (Valdivia Expedition). 



+ Rosenberg, H. voa, Int. Archiv f. Elhnogr., 1, 1SS8. 



§ For notes upon the double canoes of this outside region, see Haddon, A. C,A/an, 

 1918, 29, and Hornell, J., Man, 1919, 55 and Man, 1920, 67. 



