102 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



high open bulwarks (PI. XVI, fig. XXX), while the rudder-trunk 

 cover on each quarter of the Boro Budur ships lingers in the open 

 framework within which the quarter rudder is hung. 



In south-east Java, at Banjuwangi, the Bali type of outrigger is 

 met with as might reasonably be expected; generally of small 

 size (PI. XIII, fig. XXV). These show the bifid bow which in 

 Bali is restricted to the largest sized outrigger. For their size the 

 Banjuwangi canoes carry a big sail, of the oblong pattern ; the 

 mast is longer than is usual in the Bali type, and the yard 

 instead of being hung from a peg at the top is hoisted by a rope 

 to the masthead. The peg however persists, transformed into an 

 ornamental fmial. A single quarter rudder is employed. 



JAVA— NORTH COAST. 



An abnormal design of single outrigger, one which I believe 

 must be a degenerate form of a type originally furnished with 

 double outriggers, is common among the Javanese fisherfolk of the 

 central region of the North Java coast. The distribution extends 

 roughly from Cheribon to the neighbourhood of Rembang in the 

 east. The hull is a long narrow dugout sometimes large enough 

 to carry as many as 13 men ; others are quite small ; their use is con- 

 fined almost entirely to inshore fishing, deep-sea work being carried 

 on by built boats without outriggers. The hull is quite plain, a 

 simple slabsided dugout with sharp and nearly vertical ends. The 

 outrigger frame is reduced to a minimum. In the great majority it 

 consists of a single bamboo boom laid athwart the fore end of the 

 dugout ; the weather end projects several feet, and is attached to 

 the fore end of the single float, by means of a broad vertical stan- 

 chion shaped from a short length of plank. The outer end of the 

 boom is passed through a hole in the upper part and secured by the 

 insertion of a wooden pin or key thrust into it on the outer side of 

 the stanchion (Fig. 55). The lower part of the latter is narrower 

 than the upper, and is socketed into a slot cut in the upper surface 

 of the bamboo float. Occasionally a second or after-boom is used, 

 attached in the same manner to the float. When the canoe has to 

 tack, the device is practised of shifting the outrigger to the opposite 

 side in order that it may continue to be a satisfactory weather 

 counterpoise — the same device is known and practised in India 

 among the outrigger fishermen of the north-east coast of the Gulf 

 of Mannar. A further point of interest is the fact that a form of 



