No. 2 (1920) OUTRIGGER CANOES OF INDONESIA 101 



ancient Javanese outrigger ships were similarly equipped is 

 justifiable. In the smaller of the sculptured craft, a quarter steering 

 paddle is clearly seen, and it seems certain that in the larger, the 

 further development had been reached of placing them in a rudder 

 trunk on each quarter ; in this case, as in that of the large Macassar 

 schooner-praus, the steersmen would sit in the quarters on the main 

 deck beneath the poop deck ; in the latter there is no rudder trunk, 

 the tiller of each rudder passing through a large square port in the 

 quarter of its respective side, the rudder being suspended outside 

 from a gallery-like framework. In these modern vessels both the 

 fore and main masts are of tripod pattern, consisting of an aft part 

 of two nearly perpendicular spars inclined just enough to meet at 

 the cross trees, the forward or unpaired leg with its apex inclined 

 aft, to be inserted and secured by a pin just beneath the junction 

 of the paired legs. In the Boro Budur ships the masts appear 

 to be double, and in the restoration which I have attempted 

 (Frontispiece), they are shown thus. The present day river 

 barges of the Irrawaddi possess double masts braced with many 

 rungs ; this plan, I believe, was that used in the 9th century 

 in Java. If this be so, the tripod mast, undoubtedly an improve- 

 ment, must be a subsequent evolution. As for the oblong sails 

 with a spar along each long side, seen in the Boro Budur ships, 

 this is the ordinary sail of the majority of small craft on the 

 Celebes coast and is often to be seen in the larger fishing boats 

 working out of North Java ports. The hull of the Boro Budur boat 

 remains ; this has been described as a kind of basket work * but 

 to any one who has seen the Macassar trading praus (PI. XVI, fig. 

 XXX) as well as the large outrigger coasters just described and 

 those in use at Donggala in the Celebes, it is clear that the curious 

 open timber work is an outboard superstructure reared on cross 

 beams laid athwart the much narrower hull proper, to give greater 

 passenger accommodation. The reason for not making it solid is to 

 reduce weight and so to lessen the danger that accrues from 

 heavy top-hamper. It is clear that an outrigger — a double one 

 presumably for the reason already stated — becomes a necessity in 

 the case of such a lofty and overhanging superstructure ; without a 

 safeguard of this nature the danger of capsizing would amount to 

 a certainty in even a light breeze. The large Bugi schooner-praus 

 show a vestige of this structure in the overhanging poop and the 



* Schoff, W. II., The Periplus of the Ery/hrfean Sea (translation). London, 1912. 



