100 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



quarter rudder is used as is usual in these seas upon each quarter, 

 hung when in use from a great rudder crutch or gallows close to the 

 stern. There is no deck, the cargo being protected by moveable 

 bamboo penthouse covers. 



The outrigger frame on each side consists of two extremely 

 stout booms attached to a compound float, usually of two bamboos 

 of the largest available thickness. The booms are not laid upon 

 the gunwale of the hull in the usual manner, but pass through the 

 planking just above the water-line at full load. Each is thickest 

 where it issues horizontally from the hull. From a point about 

 2/^ feet outboard it raises in a gentle curve to mid distance, when 

 it bends down at a similar gentle curve to meet the float. The 

 forward boom is attached above the two float bamboos ; the aft one 

 is pointed and inserted into the outer bamboo and above the inner 

 one. On each side a light bamboo platform, two feet wide, is 

 laid on longitudinal bamboos resting upon the hither portions of 

 the two booms and upon the outboard ends of several thwarts 

 projecting beyond the gunwale. These platforms provide the crew 

 with accommodation to sit or stand when rowing and poling; at 

 each end of the port platform is fitted an elaborately carved and 

 painted unequal-armed crutch for the mast and yard. 



The rig differs entirely from that affected by the local praus 

 without outriggers; instead of their two short masts carrying 

 triangular sails, point downwards, it consists of a single fairly 

 tall mast hoisting a sprit sail, together with a long slender jibboom 

 and small jib. 



From certain of the details of this curious survival, conjoined 

 with others drawn from the tripod-masted rig and open bulwarks 

 of the deep-sea Bugi trading schooner of Macassar, from the 

 oblong sail plan often seen in the fishing boats of the Moluccas and 

 the Celebes, satisfactory understanding of the strange ships sculp- 

 tured on the panels of the lower galleries of the Boro-Budur ruins 

 in Java becomes possible. These sculptures dating from the 8th 

 and 9th centuries of our era, undoubtedly represent outrigger 

 sea-going vessels of greater size than any surviving at the present 

 day. They stand for Javanese vessels furnished with very massive 

 outriggers, double masts, and twin quarter rudders. In view of 

 the fact that the double outrigger is used solely in the Malay 

 Archipelago for all medium and large-sized outrigger boats and 

 for the great majority even of small ones, the inference that the 



