90 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



towards one end, divergent at the requisite angle. The prolonga- 

 tion of the main stem is cut off, and the pole with its branch is 

 affixed across the canoe in such a way that the side branch is 

 downward and directed outwards. When a pair are affixed a 

 bamboo float is lashed to the ends of the two oblique side branches. 

 Most of them have the arc-shaped stern crutch already described 

 but the very small ones are provided with only half of this fitting. 

 Some of the larger ones have in addition a Y-shaped crutch 

 forward on one bow (PI. X, fig. XIX). Others have a smaller one 

 outboard on each side close to the forward boom ; sometimes each 

 of these Y-crutches is inserted near the anterior end of one of the 

 bamboos laid longitudinally over the outrigger booms to form a 

 rough outboard platform ; sometimes in the outboard end of the mast 

 thwart; much variation prevails in regard to the form and position 

 of all these crutches. No ribs are left to strengthen the dugout hull 

 when excavated, neither is it spread in any way. Some have a 

 washstrake pegged on with long vertical pegs. These canoes 

 generally use a sprit sail rigged on a pole mast ; a few use the old 

 oblong sail. Most use cotton sails, but mat ones still persist ; 

 a quarter rudder is the rule. 



Occasionally but rarely one of the larger of these canoes is seen 

 with a double outrigger of this last pattern. 



On the river a few small dugouts with single outriggers are in 

 use ; in these the booms arc naturally bent curved poles, tied 

 directly to a palm leaf-stalk employed as a boom. These are two- 

 man angling dugouts ; small as they are, steering is done by means 

 of a quarter rudder (PI. XI, fig. XX). 



South-East Celebes. — Still other forms of outriggers — all double — 

 are found in the island of Buton and on the adjoining south-east 

 coast of the Celebes mainland. The most common is that seen in 

 Buton, where the fishing boats have the booms attached to the 

 lloats by means of hook-shaped secondaries, related to those of 

 Macassar but differing essentially in that the long arm of the joint 

 is vertical instead of oblique ; in this way the float, which is lashed 

 to the inner side of the vertical secondary, is directly below the end 

 of the boom and not some distance beyond as is the general rule 

 in East Indonesian designs (Fig. 49). The hulls of these 

 Buton outriggers are narrow unspread dugouts ; the smaller ones 

 have very little freeboard, and are so low in the water that chocks, 

 about four inches high, are pegged to the gunwale below the 



