NO. 2 (1920) OUTRIGGER CANOES OF INDONESIA 85 



boom. In addition there are three or four lashings at short 

 intervals on the inner side of the Y-piece, as shown in figures 44 

 and 45. 



The second transverse brace is much shorter ; it extends out- 

 board on each side to midway between the gunwale and the end 

 of the boom, that is, to just beyond the three-branched pole crutch 

 yet to be described. In the lower fork of this, at a height of two to 

 three inches above the down-curving boom, one end of the brace 

 is lashed ; inboard are usually three lashings as at the ends of the 

 longer brace. Both the brace poles are slender. 



The aft boom is without these braces and is not fastened 

 directly to the floats. Instead, a reverse curve bracket of the kind 

 described on page 81 is employed as connecting joint — a method 

 employed for both booms in the heavier outrigger used in seining 

 in the same district. In the present instance there are several 

 elaborations; the inner end is prolonged to a point inboard of 

 the place where the three-branched pole is placed, i.e., it extends 

 further towards the gunwale than is usual. To secure the further 

 end where it joins the float from bending and perhaps breaking in 

 a heavy sea, a long vertical inverted forked stick is inserted as a 

 strut between the end of the boom and the outer end of the joint 

 piece just inner to its attachment by lashing with the float — in 

 similar manner to that described above in respect of the short 

 Y-peg at each end of the fore boom. 



The rig consists of a short pole mast carrying an oblong sail 

 with a bamboo along each of the long sides — the sail of the Boro 

 Budur sculptures. 



The hull is invariably a dugout, narrower at the gunwale than at 

 the bilge. The usual measurements are about 22 feet in length by 

 16-inch beam at the gunwale. Stem and stern are bifid, a wedge 

 shaped piece being cut out from each end. The gap thus formed 

 is deeper and longer at the fore end than that at the stern. So 

 deep is the former that it suggests instructively the open jaws of 

 a crocodile. Whether it had this meaning originally, it certainly 

 approximates in outline to the highly ornamental bow given to 

 their canoes by the Papuans of the north-west of New Guinea. On 

 the northern Celebes coast, the parts are simplified and no 

 ornament is employed. The similarity of the basal design is 

 significant. This type extends westward along the coast as far 



