No. 2 ( 1920) OUTRIGGER CANOES OF INDONESIA 8l 



The second type here is a stoutly built and usually fairly large 

 dugout fitted with double outriggers of the East Indonesian pattern 

 (PI. VIII, fig. XV). The hull is double ended, with little sheer, rather 

 coarse at the extremities; the stem and stern are bent upwards 

 a few inches only ; these are separate pieces added to the 

 dugout hull. No ornament of any description is present. The 

 booms are of squared timber supported on chocks resting on the 

 gunwales; they are secured by lashing to thwarts near the bottom 

 of the canoe ; the floats are strong bamboos. The angular 

 secondaries have the lower limb rather more curved than is usual 

 in the Molucca varieties ; in the Minahasa design the whole joint 

 often assumes a loose S-shape, formed of two reversed curves. 

 Another notable difference is the lack of any bracing pole in the 

 Minahasa design. A curious substitute for the usual wooden 

 secondary was seen once in a small-sized canoe of this description 

 on the Menado river, the branched antler of a deer being used. 

 It is just possible that in this we have the primitive form and 

 material used to make the curved joint ; the natural curve of an 

 antler is very suitable for the purpose, and its toughness furnishes 

 the requisite strength. The use of antlers in fashioning canoe 

 anchors is not uncommon in the Moluccas ; I noticed several 

 instances. 



In some cases a Y-crutch is lashed against the boom just 

 beyond the head of the secondary to which it is also lashed 

 (PI. VIII, fig. XV) ; this gives a certain additional stiffness to the 

 joint but many are without it. Poles, paddles, and fishing rods not 

 in use are conveniently placed out of the way in these rests. 



These canoes are the weight carriers in fishing; they are far 

 less handy and speedy than the third form yet to be described, 

 but their stouter build fits them to carry heavy loads of nets. As 

 a consequence these boats are used wherever seining is a fishing 

 method much used, and that signifies nearly everywhere on the 

 Minahasa coast. Frequently these canoes work in partnership with 

 the light third type; the one shoots the heavy seine; the other 

 carries one of the hauling ropes to the appointed place. In this 

 way the seine can be used in deep water somewhat in the manner 

 of the Danish trawl. 



Occasionally larger outrigger canoes are built on the same 

 general design to carry light but bulky cargo such as thatching 

 material, upon outboard side platforms laid over the booms. One 

 of these (PI. IX, fig. XVI) had a big slab-sided dugout as the basis 



