No. 2(1920) OUTRIGGER CANOES OF INDONESIA 53 



hitch the loop over the mast-head peg, a hole is cut in the project- 

 ing end of one of the paired mast legs which is cut longer at the 

 top than the other ; through this hole a rope is rove and by this 

 means the sail is hoisted. The sail is oblong with a bamboo yard 

 along the upper edge, and a similar pole along the lower. This is 

 the same style of sail seen in the Buddhist sculptures in the Boro 

 Budur ruins in Central Java, a building dating from the eighth and 

 ninth centuries of our era (Frontispiece).* 



InWooi Bay in Jappen Island, the canoes seen were all of the 

 single outrigger form, rare at Manokwari ; the structure of the 

 outrigger parts, the form and ornamentation of the bow and the rig 

 are otherwise as already described. The number of outrigger 

 booms varied from three to seven. Decoration of the canoes with 

 the shells of the egg-cowry is more prevalent than at any of the 

 other villages visited except Serui ; several men wore one of these 

 shells suspended from a bead necklace around the neck. In other 

 cases the suspended amulet was a cylinder of wood carved at the 

 attached end into the semblance of a squatting human figure with 

 a much elongated nose, the tip turned down over the upper lip in 

 the characteristic Papuan convention. It is noteworthy that the 

 noses of the people here are not typically of this form, the majority 

 being heavy and of the bottlenose shape which attracted Dampier's 

 attention when he was cruising among these islands. It may also 

 be remarked here that the cylindrical form of the wooden neck 

 amulets hung from one end, is a common form among the ornaments 

 strung on necklaces among the lower castes in South India. This 

 parallelism is perhaps significant, for such a shape of necklace 

 ornament is not widely spread elsewhere so far as lam aware. 



At Serui the canoes are almost identical in construction and 

 decoration with those at Wooi Bay except that the largest sizes, 

 running to a length of 30 feet, have double outriggers with as many 

 as eleven booms in some. Such large ones sometimes have two 

 floats on each side, with a corresponding increase in the number 

 of stanchions. The small and medium sizes are all single out- 

 riggers, and in these the float is boomed out on the starboard side. 



* Mat sails are generally used, but at Manokwari where the fisher people come into 

 contact with people from the Moluccas, the greater advantage of a cotton sail has been 

 realized by some and a few have even gone so far as to adopt either the spirit or the lug 

 as their sail pattern 



