No. 2 (1920) OUTRIGGER CANOES OF INDONESIA 75 



The outrigger frame approaches the third design described 

 from Ceram so far as the number and arrangement of the parts are 

 concerned. In detail there are numerous differences ; no ornamen- 

 tation of the single bracing pole on each side or of the fore ends of 

 the floats is attempted ; the floats are generally bamboos, the fore 

 end projecting much beyond that of the brace pole and extending 

 forwards almost level with the stem of the canoe ; three rattan 

 lashings connect each brace and float. Most notable of all, the 

 long limb of the angular secondary is extremely oblique and 

 of greater relative length than in that used in Ceram ; in this it 

 approaches the form seen in Batjan and in many places in 

 Halmaheira. In the neighbouring Mangoli Island, the outrigger 

 canoes do not generally run so fine as at Sanana, neither is the 

 sheer so pronounced. The hull is always a dugout ; a wash-strake is 

 usually added but rarely any stem and stern pieces in those used 

 for work in sheltered bays. 



One brace-pole only is employed on each side; the bamboo 

 floats are greatly elongated at the fore end as at Sanana, and bent 

 upwards by the pull of the brace. The curve of the oblique 

 secondary is rather more marked than in that of Sanana. The 

 booms are of squared poles. 



The paddles are long in the blade and sometimes have elegantly 

 carved handles. One especially, seen at Vesuvius Bay, was parti- 

 cularly well designed. The majority have however a plain cross 

 bar for handle. 



For heavy work, beamy shallow boats, built up on a dugout base, 

 with flared planked sides are employed generally. They employ 

 two quarter rudders often ornamented with carving. Such boats 

 are generally provided fore and aft with a simple arched cross 

 piece supported on two oblique lateral posts ; by means of reeper 

 poles laid lengthwise over these arches, the framework of a cabin 

 can be put up quickly ; when thatched with atap leaves, this forms a 

 shelter, proof alike against sun and rain. A point of much interest 

 in regard to the Sula Islands is the fact that although they are 

 comparatively close to the northern end of the Celebes, the distinc- 

 tive outrigger form of that region (Minahasa) is unknown ; in 1916 

 a Minahasan outrigger was thrown ashore and was a source of 

 wonder to the Sula coast folk who had never seen* one before, and 

 who could not imagine where it came from. Trade connexion here 

 is chiefly with the east and not with the west. 

 S 



