66 MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN VOL. XII, 



Indonesian type, the other with the connecting joint formed from 

 a bent withy— the Bum or U-type. The former require no lengthy 

 description — the hull is a simple unornamented dugout with out- 

 rigger frame exactly as in the ordinary Galela boats. They run 

 from 8 or 10 feet long to double this length. In Tobelo they are 

 termed prau setna son a, in Buli, pelang aio; sema sema meaning 

 'outrigger', aio, being 'tree' in the local Alfuro dialects. I may 

 mention here that the large cabin outrigger boats with high stem 

 and stern fittings, are called prau paketa at Tobelo and pelang pak- 



pak at Buli. 



In the Bum design, two outrigger booms are employed as usual, 

 but instead of an oblique bracket connexion whereby the float is 

 maintained at a little distance beyond the ends of the booms, the 

 connexion is made by a withy bent into the shape of the letter U ; 

 the upper ends are lashed to one side of a boom near the extremity, 

 the base being bound to the upper surface of the bamboo float 

 (Fig. 29). 



I [G. 29, — U-attachment used to connect bourn and float in Buru outrigger. 

 Fig. 36. — Loop attachment characteristic of Amboina. The figure also shows 

 the method of securing the booms within the dugout hull. 



This is a pattern that appears to have come to Halmaheira 

 from the south, through Buru and the Obi Islands where it is the 

 prevailing type of outrigger used in connexion with dugout canoes. 



The distribution of the two forms of small dugouts through 

 Halmaheira is significant. At Labuha in Batjan, the great majo- 

 rity of dugouts are of the U-design, a few only being of the East 

 Indonesian type; at Tidore, Ternate and Djailolo, the majority of 

 the inshore and harbour outriggers are again of the U-type, but a 

 larger proportion than at Batjan have elbow joint secondaries. 

 Generally the slabsided dugouts have the former, those that have 

 flared sides the latter; these are also generally the larger. All 



