55 



are examples of obliquely cut " shoulder pieces " with 

 the apex purposely smashed in as seen in pi. VI, fig. i 

 which illustrates a modern reject from a Dacca factory, of 

 fragments of the columella and of cut off " beaks." Fifty- 

 three fragments of worked bangles are also shown and a 

 considerable proportion, 2783-25 to 278.S-35, exhibit 

 traces of ornamentation in the form usually of cross 

 q;rooves. Associated with these chank artifacts are 

 numerous neolithic chert fiakes, scrapers, and cores, also 

 a fair quantity of old pottery which Mr. Foote regards as 

 of iron age (p. 23. Vol. I), though I am personally inclined 

 to place the age considerably more recent for reasons 

 to be stated later. The find of a broken iron blade, 

 2783-^, at this site is of the utmost importance ; it may 

 well be the remnant of a small hand-saw such as is used 

 to-day by Bengal workmen for roughing cut much of the 

 line decoration so characteristic of bangle ornamentation. 



Fragments of chank banoles have also been found at 

 two Other places in Raichur Doab — ^at Kotegallu, Ling 

 Sugur Taluk and at Rawalkonda. In both cases they 

 were associated with neolithic implements, basalt celts 

 and very numerous chert and agate flakes ; a considera- 

 ble number of the Rawalkonda flakes have biserrate 

 edges. At Kotegallu, the objects had been turned up 

 during ploughing and at Rawalkonda they appear also to 

 have been surface finds ; hence in my opinion the signi- 

 ficance and value of the association of the bangle frag- 

 ments with undoubted neolithic artifacts are largely 

 impaired. 



It may be remarked in passing that the Kotegallu 

 and Rawalkonda bangle fragments are of the crudest 

 patterns and show no signs of incised carving. 



Kistna District. 



In Southern India, apart from Tinnevelly district 

 and the southern region of the Deccan, the only finds of 

 chank bangle remains have been at Gudivada in Kistna 

 district and at Amaravati in Guntur district. The two 

 fragments found at the former place are without decora- 

 tion, and their approximate age is more easily assignable 

 than that of any specimens from the Deccan ; the associ- 

 ated objects are undoubtedly early Buddhistic in their 

 origin, consisting as they do of 4 lead coins, a terracotta 



