PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 837 



volume of the Flora of British India where the full description 01 

 the plant will be found, to this has been added the habitat of the 

 plant. 



In cases where plants comply sometimes with the characteristics of 

 one class and at other times with those of another class, the plant has 

 been described in one class and merely a cross reference given in the 

 other. Such cases occur among plants which may be at some eleva- 

 tions, trees and at others merely shrubs. 



Plants, which are commonly found to have established themselves 

 as escapes or to be cultivated, hut are not indigenous in the area, have 

 been entered here. 



It is essential to have good sight or to use a magnifying glass in 

 examining plants ; this is especially necessary in noting the 

 presence or absence of stipules, as they are often very minute. 

 Young shoots should always be selected in examining the leaves for 

 stipules, as in many plants the stipules wither and fall off, while the 

 leaves are still young. In identifying herbs the whole plant should 

 be examined, as the character of the portion underground is of import- 

 ance in the process of identification. 



GLOSSARY, 



Alternate. — When a leaf has no leaf at the same level on the 

 opposite side of the stem or branch it is called Alternate. 



Anther. — See Stamen. 



Berry. — A fruit fleshy or pulpy throughout surrounded by a skin 

 with the seeds immersed in the pulp. 



Bipinnate. — When the secondary as well as the primary divisions 

 of a leaf are pinnate. 



Bract. — A scale more or less leaflike situated below the calvx of 

 a flower or collection of flowers. 



Bracteole. — The bract, which is nearest to the flowers. 



Calyx. — The outer envelope of the flower, where there are two 

 dissimilar envelopes. 



Capsule. — A dry seed vessel (fruit) consisting of one or more parts 

 (carpels). 



Carpel. — One of the component parts of a fruit or seed vessel. 



