PALINURUS OR TEE SPINY LOBSTER OF BOMBAY. 377 



individual, they extend up on each side of the stomach in front, and 

 behind reach into the abdomen below and at the sides of the hind 

 gut. In shape the united testes resemble an elongated H. They 

 are white in color and a little irregular in outline. 



In the young female or in the adult out of the breeding season 

 the ovaries are whitish in colour and in the same position as the testes 

 in the male. They also consist of two long lateral lobes joined by a 

 median bridge. In the breeding season they become very large, 

 extending into the first abdominal somite, and deepen in colour to a 

 salmon shade or deep coral red. 



The Genital Ducts. 



In the male the sperm ducts or vasa deferentia (Latin for "discharg- 

 ing vessels") are a pair of chalky- white very much convoluted tube 

 arising from the lateral lobes of the testes posterior to the median 

 bridge. The distal loop of each is much thickened and runs forward 

 some distance before turning backwards and downwards to its opening 

 on the coxopodite of the last walking leg. In the breeding season the 

 terminal portion becomes of a lavender colour and greatly distended 

 with the cheesy, almost solid semen, acting as a sperm receptacle. 

 Its walls contain many muscular fibres and it is said to be protrusible 

 through the very wide opening, after the manner of a penis. 



In the Lobster or Cray-fish there is no protrusion, but the males 

 bear on the first abdominal segment appendages modified into scoops, 

 which are said to shovel, as it were, the semen into its proper position. 

 This is an instance of analogous functions being fulfilled by organs 

 in no way homologous. 



In the female the oviducts are short thin tubes which run directly 

 from the outer margins of the ovaries outwards and downwards to 

 their openings on the coxopodites of the third pair of legs. To see 

 the oviduct properly the liver and ovary must be pressed over from 

 the epimeron towards the middle line with the handle of the knife. 

 The digestive gland or he pato- pancreas, commonly called the liver, is 

 a large, soft, yellow mass which fills up nearly all the rest of the 

 cephalo thoracic cavity. 



Except the oviducts all the above organs can be seen without 

 further dissection than opening the cavity as described above. 



You should also note, on each side of the stomach, the large 

 adductor muscle of the mandible, the attachment of which to the 



