704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVIII. 



vegetable fibre, and there are probably a great many other plants, both ligneous 

 and herbaceous, which might be turned to account by the paper-maker. As 

 children we were all greatly impressed by the story of the manufacture of all 

 our dainty papers from the rags collected by the hawkers and rag gatherers. 

 Rags were waste refuse. In like manner much of the produce of the vegetable 

 kingdom, which at present is treated as waste, will be put to some such useful 

 purpose when we are forced to economise. 



• Wood pulp is made from trees of any age, twenty years being considered best. 

 They are felled usually in winter, cut into lengths of about 12 feet, conveyed to 

 a mill, where they are ground into pulp by hydraulic pressure against revolving 

 standstone grinders. Another process is that of reducing the logs to chips and 

 treating them chemically under that pressure. When dried the pulp is worth 

 from £5 to £9 per ton. 



The total amount of paper used annually in. this country is estimated at some- 

 thing like a million tons. This includes all kinds of paper, from the coarsest 

 brown to the choicest note. Germany has an output of about the same quan- 

 tity, whilst the United States of America turn out about two million tons. The 

 total amount of the world's paper production is estimated at over five million 

 tons. 



Japanese paper is made from the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), a 

 tree not unlike the common mulberry. It is largely grown for the fibre and 

 paper-making properties of its bark. What is known as Chinese rice paper is 

 made from the pith of the stem of an Aralia (Fatsia papyrifera). In India an 

 excellent paper is made from the stems of several species of Daphne. This paper 

 is remarkable for its tough texture and smooth surface. The paper used for 

 making bank-notes in this country is manufactured from best quality linen, 

 preferably old linen, the effect of wear and frequenb washing being favourable 

 to the quality of the paper made from it. — (Wason in " The Field "._) 



No. XXXV. -PEAR IN ANIMALS. 



In Vol. XVII, page 836, of the Journal, a note appeared suggesting an explan- 

 ation of the fear exhibited by tigers. 



I have just come across an article in the February issue of Pearson's Magazine 

 which bears on the subject and as it quotes the words of an authority, which 

 more or less supports the theory advanced, I may be excused if I requote part 

 of them here. 



The quotation is from Major Hamilton, Warden of the Transvaal Govern- 

 ment Game Reserves, who says : — 



" As regards your question as to what I know of signs of fear in wild animals, 

 I am afraid that you, or at least the public generally, will think me guilty of 

 a gross heresy when I say that the impression borne in upon me as the result 

 of a good many years of close study of wild animals and their ways, under 

 circumstances of a rather unique character, is that wild animals have really 

 no instinctive inborn fear of man as such as is generally believed. 



