THE FLORA OF THE BOMB A Y PRESIDENCY. 569 



OrchidacecB are either terrestrial tuberous-rooted herbs with an annual 

 herbaceous stem, or they are epiphytes with perennial stems or 

 branches which, sometimes, get variously thickened and form pseudo- 

 bulbs. Each year one pseudo-bulb is usually formed. It contains water 

 and other reserve material and enables those plants that drop their 

 leaves during the dry season to hibernate till new assimilating organs 

 are formed. The Crassulacecc have fleshy leaves closely packed to- 

 o-ether which serve the same end. 



The phanerogamic water-plants are poorly represented in our Flora. 

 If we make a distinction between floating plants that spread then- 

 leaves on the surface of the water and submerged plants that raise 

 only the flowers above the surface, we find the following species 

 belonging to the first class : Nymphoea lotas, N. stellata, Nasturtium 

 officinale, Neptunia oleracea, Limnanthemum indicum, L. cristatum, 

 L. parvi folium, L. aurantiacum, Limnophila poly st achy a, Utricular/'" 

 stellaris, U. exoleta, Pistia stratiotes, Lemna gibha, L. polyrrhiza, 

 Wolffia arrhiza, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Wisneria triandra, Cyperus 

 cephalotus, Chamoeraphis spinescens, Hygrorhiza aristata. Of sub- 

 merged flowering plants the following are known : Ceratophyllum 

 demersum, Myriophyllum intermedium, Limnophila racemosa, Utricnla- 

 ria flexuosa, U. ccerulea, Latvia zeylanica, Griffithelia hookeriana, 

 Hydrobryum lichenoides, Hy drill a verticillata, Lagarosiphon roxbvr- 

 ghii, Vallisneria spiralis, Blyxa roxburghii, B. echinosperma, B. talboti, 

 Ottelia alismoides, Aponogeton monostachyvm, Potamogeton indicum, 

 P. perfoliate s, P. crispus, P. pectinatus, Ruppia to stellata, Zannichel- 

 lia palustris, Naias minor, Eriocaulon capillus-naiadis. 



Of marsh-plants (i.e., plants which grow exclusively in real marshes, 

 in stagnant or slowly flowing waters, where they are rooting in the 

 mud, but raise their vegetative and reproductive parts above the 

 water) I shall mention only the most common ones : Nelumbium speci- 

 osum, Jussioea repens, J. suffruticosa, Lvdwigia parviflora, Ipomaa 

 aquatica, Limnophila roxburghii, L. conferta, L. gratissima, L. sessi- 

 fiora, L. gratioloides, Typha elephantina, T. angustata, Cryptoca- 

 ryne retrospiralis, C. spiralis, C. cognata, C. roxburghii, C. dalzellii, 

 Lagenandra toxicaria, Alisma reniforme, Limnophyton obtusifolium, 

 Butomopsis lanceolata, Eriocaulon odoratum, E. breviscarpum, E. 

 wightianum, Heleochloa dura, Adenostemma viscosa, Cyathocline 

 lutea, Ccesulia axillaris, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Dopatrimn junceum, 



