10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



Dana, in his classic work on the Zoophytes (34), gives a short resume of the species 

 already described by Pallas, Esper, Lamarck, and others, and describes and figures two 

 new species. One of these, Cirrhipathes anguina (Cirripathes Sieboldi, Blainv. ?), he 

 regarded as the Palmijuncus anguinus of Rumphius, and adopts Blainville's name as a 

 synonym. The other form, Antipathes arborea, is very closely allied to Antipathes 

 dichotoma, Pallas. 



Dana was the first to recognise the true relationship of the Antipathidee and their 

 close affinity to the Actiniaria. On page 574 of his work he says : — The Antipathidaes 

 " like the Gorgonidae secrete a corneous axis, but are placed amongst the Actinoidea as 

 the tentacles have the naked character peculiar to this suborder, and the polyps closely 

 resemble those of Madreporse in appearance and habit. The existence of genital lamellae 

 within the visceral cavity is not yet proved ; as this is the deciding character, the 

 propriety of the present arrangement cannot be considered fully established." Dana's 

 work contains figures of both his species with the polyps in situ. These bring out 

 several new points tending to remove the Antipathidae still further from the Gorgonidae. 

 In the first place, his figures show the undoubted naked character of the tentacles, a 

 feature which may have been presumed from Ellis' drawing of the polyp of Antipathes 

 spiralis, Pallas, but which he now placed beyond doubt. It was clear from his figures 

 that the tentacles of Antipathes, as well as those of Cirrhipathes, are not allied either in 

 number or in form to those of the Gorgonidae. A further point which seems to have 

 escaped comment, but which, nevertheless, is of considerable importance, is that Dana's 

 figures first brought out a difference in tbe mode of arrangement of the individual zooids 

 on the axis. In his unbranched species, Cirrhipathes anguina, the axis is comparatively 

 stout, and the zooids are distributed all around the stem as in Juncella and many 

 Gorgonidae. In the branched form Antipathes arborea, on the other hand, the branches 

 and branchlets are relatively slender, and the zooids are distributed in single longitudinal 

 series, usually with their oral surfaces all turned in one direction. In short, Dana's 

 figures are the first, and' for a considerable time remained the only ones, which gave any 

 adequate idea of the appearance of a living colony of an Antipatharian. 



In 1849 Jules Haime (35), the colleague of Milne-Edwards, described, under the name 

 of Leiopathes lamarcM, a form which had previously been confused with Leiopathes 

 glaherrima (Esper). 



Gray's second note on the Animal and Bark of Antipathes (38) appeared in 1857. 

 In the earlier one already referred to he had described the appearance of the polyps of 

 a form which he believed to be identical with Antipathes dichotoma, Pallas. His 

 specimen was sent from Madeira in a dry state, and showed on the minute branches, at 

 irregular intervals, a number of red pellucid tubercles. These on maceration in water 

 proved to be the polyps, provided with six tentacles, but in other respects supposed to 

 agree with those of Gorgonia. He also stated that "minute, pellucid, oval bodies, which 



