58 SUMMARY OF QUERENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



anteriorly, and there was a penis on each side. The right half was 

 normal in structure, but was shunted forward by one segment ; the left 

 half was normal in position, but divergent in structure. The female 

 organs were practically normal. 



Nematohelminth.es. 



Cuticle of Ascaris.* — Herr C. Toldt has made a minute study of the 

 cuticle of Ascaris meg aloe ephala. There are eight different layers, and 

 the author has some corrections to make on previous (e.g. van Bommel's) 

 descriptions of these. Thus the three so-called fibrous layers are not 

 composed of fibres, but are membranes perforated by elongated parallel 

 gaps. But the most important new result is that the cuticle is traversed 

 by a complicated system of spaces containing jelly-like threads (probably 

 protoplasmic), which arise from the sub-cuticula, and have to do with 

 the sustenance and growth of the cuticle. 



Uncinaria perniciosa.t — Herr L. Cohn found this parasite in nodules 

 projecting from the intestinal wall of a panther, with larval forms in the 

 lumen of the gut and in the lungs. He replaces the generic name 

 AnTcylosfomum Dubini (1843) by Uncinaria Frolich (1789). He notes the 

 differences between the three species which occur in cats — U. tubseformis 

 Molin nee Schneider, V. pcrnkiosa v. Linstow = U. tubseformis Schneider, 

 and U. balsami Parona and Grassi. The nematodes migrate through the 

 mucous membrane into the wall, and the aperture persists. 



Parasitic Nematodes.^— Dr. 0. von Linstow describes 49 species 

 from the Berlin Zoological Museum, of which 38 are new. A striking 

 form is Pterocephalus, from the intestine of the zebra in East Africa. 

 The head of the adult has six conical spines, six hooks, and six deeply 

 serrated leaf-like appendages, which are attached only at their con- 

 stricted bases. Noteworthy is the occurrence, in a fresh-water Australian 

 fish, of Spiroptera (Filaria) bicolor previously reported by von Linstow 

 from a German cat-fish. A new species of the gape- worm (Syngamus) 

 was found in the choana of a deer from Eio Grande de Sul, and in the 

 nasal cavity of a goat from Cameroon. Only one other species of this 

 genus occurs in Mammalia, namely, Syngamus dispar, in the trachea of 

 Felis concolor. 



Platyhehninthes. 



Studies on Tetrarhynchi.§— A. Vaullegeard gives an account of this 

 family, describing the known species, with special reference to their life- 

 histories. The egg of a given species may find suitable conditions in 

 various hosts ; thus Tetrarliynclius bisulcatus occurs in both Cephalopods 

 and Teleosts ; T. benedeni, T. erinaceus, T. minutus, occur in various 

 Teleosts ; and T. ruficollis in numerous Crustaceans. The embryo bores 

 from the intestine into its annexes, and forms a vesicle in the walls ; but 

 in some cases, e.g. those of the type T. lingualis, the vesicular stage 



* Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wien, xi. (1899) pp. 289-326 (1 pi. and 2 figs.). 



t Arch. Parasitol., ii. (1899) pp. 5-22 (4 figs.). See Zool. Centralbl., vi. (1899) 



P ' X MT. Zool. Sammlung Mus. Naturkunde Berlin, i. (1899) 28 pp. and 6 pis. 

 See Araer. Nat., xxxiii. (1899) pp. 902-3. 



§ These: Faeulte des Sciences Paris, Caen, 1899, 4to, 193 pp. and 9 pis. 



