ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 457 



matin nucleoli" occur iu spine-producing hypodermic cells, in giant 

 free-cells in the hsemolymph, in stomodaeum and proctodeum cells. 



Copulatory Apparatus in Drone.* — Dr. G. Michaelis points o it 

 that the structure and development of this remarkable organ is inade- 

 quately treated in the literature. He has followed its development from 

 its first appearance uutil the time when it becomes completely chitinised. 

 In other Hymenoptera the copulatory orgaus are constituted by external 

 structures which form a penis, but in the hive-bee pairing is effected by 

 means of the copulatory tube, which is the expanded end of the ejacula- 

 tory duct. In larvae of 1 ■ 8 mm. in length the first rudiment of the 

 ectodermal genital-pocket can be observed. This gives off two short 

 tubes from which the vasa deferentia and accessory glands arise ; later 

 its upper portion becomes the ductus ejaculatorius and the lo.ver the 

 copulatory tube. During pairiug the whole of the copulatory tube is 

 forced out of the body-cavity, but this is not a simple process of extru- 

 sion, but is accompanied by a complete inversion of the tube, and is 

 comparable to the doubling outwards of an inturned glove finger. This 

 process of inversion occurs slowly duriug the nuptial flight, aud results 

 in such an intimate connection between queen and drone, that when the 

 drone frees itself it leaves behind in the vagina of the queen the copu- 

 latory tube, which is torn off at its point of attachment. This tube is 

 ejected by the queen after the return to the hive, as soon as the sper- 

 matheca is filled with sperms. 



Male Genital Appendages in Hymenoptera.f — Dr. E. Zander finds 

 that in Vespa germanica the male genital appendages (in contrast to the 

 sting) have no morphological relations to the integumentary skeleton. 

 All the parts arise from a differentiation of a single pair of processes 

 (Primitivzapfcn), which grow out from the oral wall of a genital pouch 

 situated near the post-segmental margin of the twelfth ventral piece. 

 The same is true in Apis and Bombus. In whole and in detail the male 

 appendages are of a different morphological nature from the sting. 



Thorax of Ants.J — Prof. C. Emery, who has been engaged in pre- 

 paring the fasciculus on ants for the German Tierreich, has been led 

 to a study of the structure of the thorax and to a revision of the nomen- 

 clature. 



Mites and Insects. § — Dr. G. Leonardi discusses the mites whose 

 life is more or less bound up with that of insects. He divides them 

 into three sets : — (a) passengers (viaggiatrici) which use insects as 

 means of transport, e. g. many Tyroglyphidae, Gamasidse, &c. ; (b) com- 

 mensals, forming the family Canestrmidas ; and (c) parasites. These 

 are then discussed in systematic order. 



Genealogical Tree of Butterflies. || — Mr. A. Eadcliffe Grote reite- 

 rates his conclusion as to the diphyletism of diurnal butterflies. He has 

 separated the Papilionides as a distinct phyletic line from the rest of the 

 butterflies, keeping these together under the title Hesperiades. It is 

 the Hesperiades alone whose ancestry can be sought for in the Noctuid 



* Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., lxvii. (1900) pp. 439-60 (1 pi.). 



t Tom. cit., pp. 461-89 (1 pi. and 9 %s.). 



% Bull. Ent. Iial., xxxii. (1900) pp. 103-19 (14 figs.). § Tom. cit., pp. 1-76. 



if Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, xxxviii. (1899) pp. 147-54. 



