ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 363 



Structure of the Entoniophthoreae. - Dr. F. Cavara* has made a 

 detailed study of the cytological structure of this family of Fungi, chiefly 

 in two species, Empusa Musae and Entwmophthora Delpiniana sp. n. 



The reticulate structure of the cytoplasm is contrasted with the 

 alveolar structure (Biitschli) and the fibrillar structure (Flemming). 

 It has, at the same time, a granular structure comparable to that of the 

 Chlamydomonadineae ; the granules vary greatly in size, and are gene- 

 rally erythropbilous. The author regards them as the source of the 

 activity of the cytoplasm, rather than as a secondary product of it. 

 The granules are the essential constituents of the cytoplasm, through 

 the activity of which it increases, undergoes transformations, migrates, 

 and perpetuates itself; while the reticulation is a secondary phenomenon 

 more or less precarious, and destined to inevitable death. 



The nucdei of the two species examined agree in stnicture, though dif- 

 fering in size. The nucleus is composed of a chromophilous vesicle 

 containing granules of chromatin and often one or more nucleoles. As 

 in the Saccharomycetes, the vesicle and the vacuole correspond to the 

 nuclear membrane and the nuclear framework, taken together, of the 

 nucleus of other plants. The process of division in the vegetative cells is 

 intermediate between that of direct division and that of karyokinesis. 



The conidiophores, often incorrectly called basids, spring directly 

 from the hyphal body. The conid may have from 15 to 20 nuclei, all 

 of which have passed into it from the conidiophore. Two forms of 

 azygospore were found in E, Delpiniana. 



The characteristics of the cytoplasm seem to suggest an affinity 

 between the Entomophthoreas and the Saccharomycete?. 



M. P. Vuillemin f confirms the observation of Cavara, of the produc- 

 tion of azygospores by Entomophihora, in the case of E. glceospora. He 

 deduces the phylogenetic conclusion that the Entomophthoreae are an 

 independent group derived from the Phycomycetes, and that the multi- 

 nucleate condition of Empusa is anterior to the uninucleate condition 

 of certain species of Entomophihora and Basidiobolus. 



Endogenous Formation of Conids by the Ascomycetes4— Herr T. 

 Vestergren enumerates all the cases hitherto known of the endogenous 

 formation of conids in fungi belonging to various families of Asco- 

 mycetes : — Hyphomycctes, Pyrenomycetes, Perisporiaceae, &c. He 

 further describes a remarkable instance of this phenomenon in 

 Eymenella Arundinis, a rare fungus forming cylindrical incrustations 

 on dead haulms of Phragmites communis. The conid-receptacles are 

 flask-shaped, and always produce within them four conids which escape, 

 imbedded in mucilage, through the neck of the receptacle. 



Parasitic Fungi.— MM. E. Prillieux and G. Delacroix § have in- 

 vestigated the cause of a disease of the vine very prevalent in vineyards 

 in the Caucasus, and find it to be due to the attacks of a parasitic fungus 

 nearly allied to that which produces the black-rot in Fiance and in 

 America, but not identical with it. It is named Guignardia reniformis 

 sp. n. 



* Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., vi. (1899) pp. 411-66 (2 pis.); Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital., 

 1899, pp. 55-60. t Comptes Rendus, cxxx. (1900) pp. 522-4. 



t Ofv. k. Veteusk.-Akad. Forhandl., lvi. (1899) pp. 837-45 (3 figs.) (English). 

 § Comptes Rendus, cxxx. (1900) pp. 298-301. 



