ab 
SUBALPINE FIR TYPE 
A beautiful and striking forest is developed chiefly above five thousand 
feet, which is clearly defined, for the most part, and dominated by Abies 
lasiocarpa. Associated are stragglers from lower elevations but particu- 
larly Picea Engelm@nnii, and Pinus contorta, and in the south Tsuga ler- 
tensiana. Each of these associates, in some restricted areas, often ap- 
pears to maintain a subclimax. The forest ig open, the individuals be- 
ing widely spaced with narrow spire-like crowns which reach to the 
ground. 
Brush is dense, especially on the northern Slopes. It is composed 
primarily of Menziesia glabella, Lonicera utahensis, L. involucrata, 
Vaccinium membranaceum, Sorbus sitchensis » Sambucus melanocarpa » Ribes 
lacustre, and, in the north, Rhododendron albiflorun. 
Along alpine streams may be found Spiraea densiflora, Ribes petiolare, 
R. lacustre (and locally in very restricted areas R, acerifolium, R. 
triste and R. laxiflorum var. coloradense), Trautvetteria grandis, Boy- 
kinia major, Ligusticum Leibergii, Mimlus Lewisii, Habenaria saccata, 
Streptopus amplexifolius, Montia asarifolia, Epilobium Hornemanni, 
Saxifraga arguta, Parnassia fimbriata, Cardamine Oligosperm. and Ranun- 
culus Douglasii. 
Frequent seepage spots, particularly on the north Slopes, may be dense 
ly covered with thickets of Alnussinuata, or Sorbus sitchensis, or both, 
the stems decumbent and forming difficult tangles. Small springs cori- 
