39: 
lO. They may te completely separate or their filaments may sometimes 
be joined into a tube which surrounds the ovary, as in Lupinus or Si- 
dalcea. Less often the anthers my be joined into a tube, the fila- 
ments being free, as in the Campanulaceae and Compositae. They may be 
seated at the base of the ovary as in Allium, on a shelf of the calyx 
tube as in Prunus, or above the ovary as in Mitella and the evening 
primrose family. 
The pistils mey be several or numerovs as in the buttercup, 
and in tne strawberry, or solitary in each flower as in Allium. If 
several, the vistils are simple, that is, formed of a single carvel. | 
If one, the vistil is usually compound, that is, formed of two or more 
carpels, the oresence of which is ‘isually indicated by the number of 
styles or style branches or by the number of chambers in the ovarv. 
The pistil may be entirely free from any flower parts, and seated 
above them, as in Allium, in which case it is said to be suverior and 
the stamens hypogynous; it may be free from the flower parts but sur- 
rounded by a cup-like calyx upon which are seated the stamens, as in 
Prunus, in wnich case the ovary is -— superior and the stamens are 
said to be verigynous; finally, the ovary may be either partly or 
wholly joined to the celyx-tube and seated more or less beneath the 
calyx-lobes, petals and stamens, as in Mitella, in which case the ovary 
is said to be inferior and the stamens epigynous. 
Ir one comoares the flowers of the families herein described 
With these essential generalizations in mind, he may arrange them in 
three ascending series according to certain princioles. It is believed 
