Abundant on moist subalpine slopes especially of northerly 
exposure and forming here the climax, associated with Picea sngelmannii 
throughout our range and, above 6000 ft., chiefly with Pinus albicanulis 
or My Tsuga Mertensiana. Descends as low as 2500 ft., together with — 
Picea ingolmannii along the margins of meadows and cool stream.bettoms.. ss. 
SOE VS. US SE ee Oe 
£. A. grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.—— white Fir. ——— A stately forest tree 
in height from 50-50 n., shapeapitestche-er—repienetgetew glossy dark 
green leaves arranged in two ranked, flat sprays and the slender straight 
trunk; DeBeH. 1-1-5 m. Branches more or less horizontal, spreading, the 
branchlets spreading, light brovm or Olivaceous, somewhat lustrous, puber- 
ulent, smooth; young bark smooth, gray witn an olivaceous ov sonetiues 
reddish cinge marked by numerous transverse lenticels 1-3 mm. wide which 
become ashy, resin pockets frequent, remaining unfissured until 45-50 
cm. of more in diameter, the fissures then uneven, longitudinal, trace- 
able for several feet, the mature bar 2-2.5 cm. thick, eventually broken 
into small, dark ashy gray, flat plates, 2.5-4 cm. wide, 40-50 cm. long 
or more; Crown conical, acute except in old trees, rather open, pruned 
to 25-30 rme in close stands; leaves persisting 7-8 years, dark green and 
glossy, glaucous beneath, spirally arransed but those of the lowermost 
branches appearing in tvo-ranked sprays by a twist near the base, those 
above Curving upwards, flat, 1.5 cm. long, about 2.5 mm. wide, rounded 
at the tip and usually but not always notched, oil ducts 2, minute, near 
the edge of the leaf, vein rather prominently impressed on the upper surface, 
elevated beneath, the margins concave, stomata white in 6-8 rows on either 
Side, tne base narrowed then somevhat expanded at the articulation, 
leaving a circular ligntly elevated scar. jtaminate cones, 15-18 mm. long, 
the stamens numerous, smaller than those of A. lasiocarpa, yellow, raised 
on @ short stalk subequal to the scales in length. Ovulate cones torne in 
the very apex of the tree, ciustered, yellowish green, 6-7 cm. x 2.8-3.2 cm., 
cylindrical, rounded at tne base, tne apex flattened and lightly concave, 
scales broally cumeate, £.5-3 cm. vide, rounded truncate at the apex, the 
exposed surface velvety pubescent, bract 5 mm lon, retuse, the notch with a 
short mucro, the margin erose-serrulate; seed 7-9 mm. long, tne wing cuneate, 
glossy, 12-14 mm. x 16-16 mae lone. wseedlix.. 5-4 cn. tall, cotyledons 6-7, 
persistent the secunc year, darx green, Jlossy, about 2 cm. long, 14-2 mm. 
wide, flat, sarvoved at tie avex but blunt, midvein prominent, stomata on 
the lower surface only; first lenves 1-1.5 cm. long, flat; glossy, usually 
narrowed below the middle, blunt but usually lightly notched; first branch 
at avout 4-5 years; buds resinous. 
ae ee ee ee 
