Tribe Cynareae. 
Usually coarse herbs commonly biennial, with alternate leeves -whi-eh(in 
Cirsium see spinose on the margins). bracts +-ae numerous, closely overlapping 
their margins thin and brownish in Centaurea, hooked at the tip in Arctium thus 
forming a burg, spinose in Cirsium, the innermost sometimes expanded into a 
lacerate appendage. Receptacles bristly or hairy but not chaffy. Ray-flowers 
none; flowers all perfect, their corollas violet, purple, pink or white, never 
yellow, deeply S-cleft into linear segments. Anthers tailed at the oo 
bearing elongated appendages at the tips. Pappus of usually deciduous bristles, 
soft and plumose in Cirsium. 
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