^1^ Geological Society. 



characterized by concentration, the other going off to the articulate(j 

 type by extension. In fishes, the osseous have the strong endo-skeleton 

 of Mammalia, while the cartilaginous have the feeble endo-skeleton, 

 compensated by a tough integument, the analogue of the exo-skeleton 

 of the Articulata. And, as an example from the vegetable kingdom, 

 the Professor finally noticed the parallel groups of Leguminosie and 

 RosacecB, orders so truly parallel, that though easily distinguished by 

 habit and non-essential characters, the true line of distinction between 

 them was not made out until investigated by the profoundest of bo- 

 tanists, Mr. Robert Brown, where in the one the exo-skeleton in the 

 fruit is developed at the expense of the endo-skeleton ; in the other, 

 there is the concentration of fruit and the development of the endo- 

 skeleton ; the representation of the two spheres being here manifested 

 in the reproductive system, characteristic of the vegetable kingdom, 

 even as in the animal instances it is chiefly exhibited in organisms 

 devoted to the nervous system, characteristic of the animal kingdom, 

 and progressive manifestation of intelligence. 



In conclusion, the Professor gave the following abstract expressions 

 of the leading ideas which he had endeavoured to illustrate in this 

 communication : — 



1st. The unity of the transformations and combinations of indi- 

 vidual animated beings, with a view to physiological ends serving 

 the species. 



2nd. The harmonious duality pervading the arrangements of the 

 animal and vegetable kingdoms. — AthencEum, No. 904. 



GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Jan. 22, 1845. — The following communications were read: — 



*' Geological Features of the country round the Mines of the Tau- 

 rus." By W. W. Smyth, Esq. 



The mines described in this paper appear to be worked in great 

 masses rather than beds or veins. They consist of two, one con- 

 taining ores of copper, and the other argentiferous ores of lead worked 

 for silver. The former at Arghaneh Maden is worked in igneous and 

 altered rocks in the neighbourhood of Diarbekr, the average annual 

 supply being about 3500 tons of ore, producing about 380 tons of 

 copper, but it is thought that the return of metal from the ore might 

 easily be doubled. There are several mines of silver and lead worked 

 at Kiebban Maden, the proportion of silver being about an ounce or 

 an ounce and a half per hundred pounds. About 900 lbs. weight of 

 silver are produced annually, and a small quantity of lead. The 

 geological date of the formations in the Taurus seems to be, in most 

 cases, that of the cretaceous period, but there are also some meta- 

 morphic rocks of more ancient origin. 



" On the newer Coal Formations of the Eastern part of Nova 

 Scotia." By J. W. Dawson, Esq. 



The paper was an appendix to a communication made last year 

 before the Geological Society, and completed the account prepared 

 by the author of the Carboniferous Formation. The paper also con- 

 tained a notice of some footmarks observed in the sandstone, which 

 were considered by the author to be those of a bird. In an a])pendix 



