Linnaan Society, 287 



described by Dr. Schleiden as " ovulum spuria pendulum anatropum, 

 raphe aversa." Mr. Clarke finds it to be of more frequent occur- 

 rence than is generally supposed ; it is found among Endogenous 

 plants, not only in Typha and Sparganium, but also in ChanifBdorea 

 elegans (the ovule of which is, however, not completely pendulous) ; 

 and Zannichellia and Potamogeton show a decided tendency towards 

 it by the direction to which the ovule curves. He considers it a 

 principal argument in favour of its being frequent at least, if not 

 constant, in Endogenous plants, that it occurs in those groups by 

 means of which the Endogenous and Exogenous divisions approach 

 each other, as in Aroidece and Piperacecp., and in Ranunculacece and 

 Alismacea. As Exogenous plants, in which the raphe is averse, he - 

 instances, — 1. Ranunculacece (when the ovule is pendulous); 2. Ne- 

 lumbium; 3. Malpighiacem (in those genera in which the funiculus 

 is next the dorsal rib of the carpel) ; 4. Coriaria ; 5. Rhus Toxico- 

 dendron^ and not improbably Anacardiacece generally ; 6. Euonymus ; 

 7 . Visnea ; 8. Pennantia, which he thinks should perhaps be referred 

 to Olacinea; 9. Chenopodiacece ', 10. AmaranthacecB -, 11. Parony- 

 chia capitata (in the three last cases the ovule is not completely in- 

 verted, being campylotropal, but the direction of the curvature is 

 such, that were the inversion complete, the raphe would be averse) ; 

 12. Plumbaginea ; 13. Laurinete ; 14. Aucuba ; 15. Calycanthus (m>\ 

 which the ovule at the base is erect with the raphe next the placenta, 

 and the upper one or two ovules are bent away from the placenta so 

 as to become nearly horizontal, showing a tendency to raphe aversa) ; 

 16. Belvisiea } ; 17. Dipsacus sylvestris ; 18. Galenia and Tetra- 

 gonia; 19. Fumaria officinalis (which shows at least a decided ten- 

 dency to the same structure in having the radicle beneath the hori- 

 zontal seed and turned to the hilum). Mr. Clarke adds, that he has 

 examined numerous cases where the carpel when single is anterior, 

 and has not yet met with any examples of this character, except in 

 the instances of Dipsacece, TetragonicB and Fumaria, He notices 

 some remarkable variations in the position of the raphe in the ovules 

 of Visnea Mocanera, both when solitary and when there are two ; > 

 and concludes this section by some observations on the question 

 whether the campylotropal ovule of Amaranthacece, &c. (in which 

 the embryo subsequently formed is turned towards the placenta) is 

 a character equivalent to the pendulous anatropal ovule with raphe 

 aversa. That it is so, he thinks proved by the examples of Statice 

 and Plumbago, the structure of which he describes and compares with 

 that of Gomphrena and Philoxerus ; and he adduces the instances of 

 Trianthema on the one hand, and Galenia and Tetragonia on the other,r, 

 as well as certain genera of Sapindacece, in which the embryo is more 

 or less curved, to show that there is no absolute distinction between 

 anatropal and campylotropal ovules. 



2. The pendulous ovule, with the raphe lateral, is a character of 

 frequent occurrence ; it was particularly noticed and accurately 

 figured in Cornus and Marlea, in Sir W. Hooker's ' Journal ' for 

 May 1850. Mr. Clarke has hitherto observed it in only two in- 

 stances in which the carpel may be considered as anterior, viz. in . 



