116 Dr. C. F. J. Lachmann on the Organization of Infusoria. 



but as the magnifying powers employed were not sufficiently 

 strong^ and defined to show the individual cilia, one or two small 

 constantly moving horns {Hmmchen, Leeuwenhoek) or whip- 

 lashes {Vipperspitzeny Rosel*) only were discovered on each 

 side of the orifice of the bell seen in profile, where several moving 

 cilia came behind each other, and thus caused a strong shadow. 

 In some the number of cilia seen increased, so that at last, in 

 many, an entire circlet of cilia surrounding the margin of the 

 bell was discovered. 



Besides these parts belonging to the nutritive apparatus, two 

 other organs were seen in some Vorticella (by Roself in Epi' 

 stylis flavicans, Ehrbg.), — the band-like body indicated by 

 Ehrenberg as the testicle, and by Von Siebold J as the '' nucleus,^' 

 and the contractile space characterized as a seminal vesicle by 

 Ehrenberg; the latter, however, was observed only as a clear 

 round spot, without any perception of its periodical disappear- 

 ance. The globular masses of swallowed and aggregated parti- 

 cles in the interior of the body were regarded as swallowed 

 monads or " vesiculse interaneae," or as ova. Gleichen § was not 

 even led to the right conclusion by his feeding the animals with 

 colour, but preferred regarding the red masses of excrement co- 

 loured by the administration of carmine, not as what they were, 

 but as eggs, to which he then attributed a particular attraction 

 for carmine II . [He gave the Infusoria carmine as food, with the 

 view of perhaps seeing the internal parts coloured thereby, as 

 the bones of Pigeons fed with madder become red, but not to 

 ascertain the form of the digestive apparatus by the deposition 

 of a readily recognizable substance, such as the coloured parti- 

 cles, in its interior. Ehrenberg was the first to employ feeding 

 with colour for the latter purpose.] 



In the stem, even of the species in which this is contractile, 

 no differentiation of parts was yet known. Gleichen^ probably 

 only saw the inner (muscular) filament, and regarded the parti- 

 cular parts of it, which he detected during contraction, as eggs, 

 which were laid through the ovipositor (the stem). 



For the VorticellcB, as for most Infusoria, Ehrenberg** gave the 

 clue to the recognition of their organization by his discovery of 



* Insektenbelustigungen, iii. p. 602. f Ibid. iii. p. 614. tab. C. 



X Vergleichende Anatomie. 



§ Abhandlung iiber die Samen- imd Infusionsthierchen, p. 140. 



II A similar explanation is given by Laurent, whose fancy, working in a 

 particular direction, easily overcame his shght power of observation . See his 

 Etudes physiologiques sur les Animaux des Infusions vegetaux, compares 

 aux Organes elementaires des Vegetaux; Nancy, 1854, — a book filled with 

 the most astonishing errors. 



% hoc. cit. p. 153. 



** Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. 1830-31, and Die Infusionsthierchen, 1838. 



