410 Remarks on the present State of 



with much encouragement in Germany, but Hauy soon after 

 found many adherents ; and Steffens, who tried to unite his views 

 with those of Werner ; Leonard, who modelled the terminology 

 after the French ; and others, attracted great attention towards 

 the French doctrine. Mohs and Weiss introduced a new and 

 more active life into mineralogy : the former, by pursuing, in a 

 certain measure, the track of his teacher, Werner; and the 

 latter, by the enlargement of crystallography, and by bringing 

 it, through the application of numbers, into affinity with the 

 calculating chemistry of Berzelius. Fuchs unites the views of 

 the crystallographers with that of the chemical constitution of 

 minerals, in order to arrive at a scientific unity in mineralogy. 

 In botany, the doctrines of Linnaeus had for a long time 

 been maintained in Germany, although several Germans pro- 

 duced various new systems; such as Heister, the predecessor 

 of Jussieu, who had made good use of his labours ; and Biitt- 

 ner. It was not till the middle of the last century, that the 

 study of the natural families of plants began to be zealously 

 pursued ; at which period the Germans had, by means of cor- 

 respondence, travels, &c., begun to obtain possession of larger 

 collections of plants. Voigt translated Richard's treatise on 

 fruits, and reduced Jussieu's method into a tabular form ; and 

 Sprengel gave popular lectures on the doctrine of the natural 

 families of plants, in 1817. The great poet Goethe also con- 

 tributed his share, by means of a little book, long overlooked, 

 in which he attempted, with the acumen of a true naturalist, 

 to reduce the principles of vegetation to simple laws, and to 

 explain, in a general manner, the various phenomena of appa- 

 rently different organs. In consequence of Goethe's views, 

 which were continued by others, the Germans felt themselves 

 powerfully attracted to the necessity of considering the organs 

 of plants, according to their metamorphoses ; and they now 

 speak in botany of a morphology, which may otherwise be 

 termed organography viewed in the light of all changes of 

 phenomena appearing in the leaf. Ever since Hedwig, the 

 founder of muscology, and of Persoon, the founder of my- 

 cology, a great inclination has been observable among the 

 Germans for the study of the Cryptogamia. This study be- 

 came, as it were, the key to higher views, by making its fol- 

 lowers acquainted with the simplest parts of the organs of 

 plants. Nees von Esenbeck entered into the examination of 

 mushrooms in a morphological sense, and the result of his 

 labours, notwithstanding his numerous theoretical speculations, 

 excited, by the soundness of his views, an interest for such 

 delicate and difficult investigations. Link, Roper, and E. 

 Meyer pursued the road pointed out by Goethe: particularly 



