Life Regions and Zones of North America. 21 



Cooper, in liis paper on the distribution of forests (in 1850), 

 named it the Campestrian Province. It was recognized by Brown 

 in 1870, by Porter in 1874, and by Engler in 1882. 



RECAPITULATION. 



It is seen that a number of zoologists and botanists, basing 

 their studies on widely different groups, and as a rule ignorant 

 of the writings of their predecessors, have agreed in the main 

 in the recognition of at least seven (7) life areas in extratropical 

 North America, namely : (1) an Arctic area north of the limit of 

 tree growth ; (2) a Boreal transcontinental coniferous forest region ; 

 (3) an Atlantic or Eastern wooded region stretching westward from 

 the Atlantic to the Great Plains ; (4) a Central or Middle region, 

 reaching from the Plains to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade 

 Mountains ; (5) a Pacific or Californian division, covering the 

 area between the east base of the Sierra and the Pacific ocean ; 

 (6) a Louisianian or Aastroriparian division, comprising the 

 South Atlantic and Gulf States south of latitude 36; (7) a 

 Sonoran division, occupying the high table-land of Mexico and 

 stretching northward over the dry interior far enough to include 

 the southern parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, 

 and Texas. 



With or without reference to the above principal divisions, 

 it has been recently the custom of zoologists, particularly orni- 

 thologists, to subdivide the eastern United States and Canada 

 into several minor areas or ' faunas,' as follows : (a) Floridian ; 

 (6) Louisianian; (c) Carolinian; (d) Alleghanian; (e) Canadian; 

 (/) Hudsonian ; and (#) Arctic. Of these the Canadian and 

 Hudsonian form a part of the ' Boreal' region above mentioned, 

 and the Floridian and Louisianian together make up the l Aus- 

 troriparian ' division, leaving.only the Carolinian and Alleghanian 

 for the so-called ' Eastern Province ' to rest on. The true rela- 

 tions of these zones will be explained later. 



LIFE RECKONS AND ZONES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



In a communication I had the honor to lay before this Society 

 two years ago (December 4, 1889) * I stated that the Hudsonian 



* Since published in my report on the "Results of a Biological Survey of 

 the San Francisco Mountain Region in Arizona" N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, Sep- 

 tember 11, 1890. 



