54 Bangs A Tr/r 7<Y</ Fo.r from Xnm Scotia. 



typica. General color of upper parts bright ferruginous instead of tawny 

 ochraceous, as in V. penntylvanica t>ipc<i. 



Color (the type in normal red phase). Whole upper parts deep, bright 

 ferruginous, somewhat mixed with yellow-tipped hairs on face and rump, 

 this color extending around sides and almost meeting on belly ; abdomen, 

 inner sides of flanks, and upper lip white; throat, chin, and central line 

 along belly grayish white; tail ferruginous with a conspicuous white 

 pencil, many of the hairs black tipped ; upper surface of ears black, edged 

 all round with yellowish ferruginous and dirty white inside ; hand and 

 forearm black, gradually shading into ferruginous at elbow; foot black, 

 slightly mixed with ferruginous, the black extending up flank in a narrow 

 line. 



Cranial characters. Skull larger than that of V. penneylwmica typica from 

 the Central and New England States ; rostrum broader ; distance across 

 roots of canines much greater; dentition much heavier. 



Size of an old adult 9 skull (the type) : basilar length (basion to front 

 of premaxillary), 133; occipitonasal length, 133.2; zygomatic breadth, 

 75.8; mastoid breadth, 46; greatest breadth of rostrum, 24; greatest 

 length of single half of mandible, 106.8. Size of an old adult $ sk ull 

 (No. 2001, Bangs collection, to po type): basilar length. 134.2; occipitonasal 

 length, 135.2: zygomatic breadth, 79.4; mastoid breadth, 47; greatest 

 breadth of rostrum, 25.8; greatest length of single half of mandible, 

 110.4. Two skulls of V. pennsylvanica. typica of exactly corresponding 

 ages measure as follows : 9 old adult, from Hampton, Connecticut, No. 

 4286, Bangs collection : basilar length, 120; occipitonasal length, 122.6; 

 zygomatic breadth, 71.6; mastoid breadth, 44 ; greatest breadth of rostrum, 

 21 ; greatest length of single half of mandible, 96.8. tf old adult, from 

 Waltham, Massachusetts, No. 115, Bangs collection : basilar length, 123.4; 

 occipitonasal length, 123.6; zygomatic breadth, 71.8; mastoid breadth, 

 44; greatest breadth of rostrum, 21.8; greatest length of single half of 

 mandible (estimated, tip imperfect). 100. 



Size. Female, old adult (the type) : total length, 1077 ; tail vertebra?, 

 401 ; hind foot, 166. Mail, young adult, from Annapolis, Nova Scotia 

 (No. 1991, Bangs collection): total length, 1087; tail vertebra?, 403; hind 

 foot, 173. Two specimens of V. pennsylvanica typica of corresponding ages 

 (9 old adult from Hampton, Connecticut, No. 4286, Bangs collection, 

 and c? young adult from Pittsfleld, New Hampshire, No. 650, Bangs col 

 lection) measure respectively : total length, 945 ; tail vertebrae, 340 ; hind 

 foot, 143; and total length, 1028; tail vertebra?, 375; hind foot, 157. 



Remarks. As some European writers still persist in considering the 

 American red fox a mere variety of the old world Vulpes vulpes, it ipay 

 be well to point out a few of the characters by which these wholly dis 

 tinct animals can always be distinguished. 



The European red fox ( V. mlpes) has more white on the upper lip and 

 less black on the legs and arms than the American (V. pennsylvanica). 

 The skulls of the two can always be told apart. T. vnlpe* has a heavy 

 massive skull, with deep interorbital constriction, narrow frontals, and a 

 very wide palate. V. pennsylvanica has a much lighter skull, which is 



